Mouth And Pharynx Short Question And Answers

Question 1. Give an account of position, relations, blood supply & development of palatine tonsil. Add a note on its applied anatomy (or) Palatine tonsil (or) Name the lateral relations of palatine tonsil
Answer:

Palatine Tonsil:

• Position:
  • Each tonsil occupies the triangular tonsillar sinus or fossa between palatoglossus & palatopharyngeal arches
• Relations:
• • It has two surfaces- medial & lateral, two borders- anterior & posterior & two poles- upper & lower

Read And Learn More: BDS Previous Examination Question And Answers

• Blood supply:
  • Arterial supply

• Palatine Tonsil Venous drainage:
  • Drains into pharyngeal venous plexus
• Palatine Tonsil Development:
  • Each tonsil is developed from the ventral part of the second pharyngeal pouch
  • Lymphocytes are mesodermal in origin
• Palatine Tonsil Applied anatomy:
  • Tonsil is enlarged in children, while in adults it is diminished
  • They are frequent sites of infections
  • Infections in tonsil is called tonsilitis
  • Tonsilitis may cause referred pain in the ear due to Glossopharyngeal nerve supply
  • It requires surgical removal of tonsil called tonsillectomy
  • Removal of tonsil is assessed by noticing the fibrous capsule
  • During removal, the paratonsillar vein may be damaged producing excessive venous hemorrhage
  • This is checked by removal of clot from the raw tonsillar bed

Question 2. Describe external features, muscles, nerve supply & blood supply of soft palate (or) Tensor palatine muscle (or) Muscles of soft palate
Answer:

Soft Palate:

• It is movable, muscular fold
• It separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx

Soft Palate External Features:

• It has two surfaces- anterior & posterior, two borders- superior & inferior

Soft palate contains:

1. Palatine aponeurosis
2. Five pairs of palatine muscle
3. Nerves & vessels
4. Palatine glands

Soft Palate Muscles:

Soft Palate Blood supply:

Soft Palate Nerves supply:

Question 3. Name the muscles of pharynx. Give origin, insertion & nerve supply of superior constrictor muscle of pharynx (or) Superior constrictor of pharynx
Answer:

Muscles of pharynx:

1. Constrictor muscles:

• Superior constrictor
• Middle constrictor
• Inferior constrictor

2. Longitudinal muscles:

• Stylopharyngeus
• Palatopharyngeus Salpinopharyngeus
• Superior constrictor of pharynx:

Muscles of pharynx Origin:

• From the lower part of posterior border of medial pterygoid plate
• From the pterygoid hamulus
• From the posterior border of pterygomandibular raphe
• From posterior end of the mylohyoid line of mandible
• From the side of the tongue

Muscles of pharynx Insertion:

• Inserted into the median raphe on the posterior wall of the pharynx

Muscles of pharynx Nerve supply:

• It is supplied by the cranial part of accessory nerve through the pharyngeal plexus

Question 4. Oropharynx
Answer:

Oropharynx Situation:

• It is middle part of the pharynx situated behind the oral cavity

Oropharynx Extent:

• From soft palate to the upper border of the epiglottis

Oropharynx Communications:

Oropharynx Relation:

Oropharynx Function:

• Passage of air & food

Oropharynx Nerve Supply:

• IX & X cranial nerves

Question 5. Describe the features of lateral wall of nasopharynx (or) Soft palate
Answer:

• The lateral wall of the Nasopharynx presents the following features
• The pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube, at the level of the inferior nasal concha
• The Tubal opening bounded by the tubal elevation
• Behind the tubal elevation, there is a narrow vertical slit that leads into the pharyngeal recess or lateral recess or fossa of Rosenmuller
• The Salpinopharyngeus fold- It is vertical fold of mucous membrane running downwards from the posterior margin of the tubal elevation & gradually fading on the side wall of the pharynx
• The Levator veli palatini

Question 6. Nasopharynx (or) Boundaries and structures related to nasopharynx

Answer:

• Nasopharynx is the nasal part of pharynx

Nasopharynx Boundaries:

• Anterior wall-nasal conchae
• Posterior wall – free margin of soft palate
• Lateral wall – palato- pharyngeal arch
• Roof – body of sphenoid, basiocciput, anterior arch of atlas
• Floor – pharyngeal isthmus

Nasopharynx Relations:

Nasopharynx Nerve supply:

• It is supplied by pharyngeal branches of pterygopalatine ganglion

Nasopharynx Function:

• Passage of air

Question 7. Muscles of pharynx
Answer:

Question 8. Laryngopharynx
Answer:

• It is laryngeal part of pharynx

Laryngopharynx Relations:

Laryngopharynx Anteriorly:

• Inlet of larynx
• Posterior surface of cricoid cartilage Arytenoid cartilage

Posteriorly:

• C4 &C5 vertebrae

Laterally:

• Piriform fossa

Laryngopharynx Nerve supply:

• Supplied by IX & X cranial nerves

Laryngopharynx Applied aspect:

• Removal of foreign bodies from piriform fossa may damage internal laryngeal nerve causing anaesthesia of supraglottic part of larynx

Question 9. Oropharynx
Answer:

• It is oral part of the pharynx

Oropharynx Relations:

• Anteriorly oral cavity
• Posteriorly body of C2 & C3 vertebrac
• Laterally tonsillar fascia

Oropharynx Nerve supply:

• Supplied by IX & X cranial nerves

Oropharynx Function:

• Passage of food and air

Question 10. Development of tooth
Answer:

1. Development of deciduous tooth

2. Development of permanent tooth

• Arises from tooth bud present on the medial side of each developing primary teeth.

Question 11. Soft palate
Answer:

• It is movable, muscular fold
• It separates nasopharynx from oropharynx

Soft palate Muscles:

Question 12. Inferior constrictor
Answer:

Inferior constrictor Parts:

• Thyropharyngeus
• Cricopharyngeus

Inferior constrictor Origin:

Inferior constrictor Insertion:

• Median raphe of posterior wall of pharynx

Inferior constrictor Nerve supply:

• Accessory nerve
• External and recurrent laryngeal nerve

Inferior constrictor Actions:

• Contracts reflexly during deglutition and induce a wave of peristalsis
• Thyropharyngeus causes propulsion
• Cricopharyngeus acts as sphincter

Question 13. Omohyoid muscle
Answer:

• Omohyoid is infrahyoid muscle

Omohyoid muscle Parts:

• Superior belly – insertion of muscle is by it
• Inferior belly origin of muscle is by it
• Common tendon

Omohyoid muscle Origin:

• Upper border of scapula
• Adjoining part of suprascapular ligament

Omohyoid muscle Insertion:

• Lower border of body of hyoid bone

Omohyoid muscle Action:

• Depresses hyoid bone following its elevation

Question 14. Palatine tonsil
Answer:

Palatine tonsil Position:

Each tonsil occupies the triangular tonsillar sinus or fossa between palatoglossus and palatopharyngeal arches

Palatine tonsil Relations:

Palatine tonsil Blood supply:

Palatine tonsil Arterial supply:

Palatine tonsil Venous drainage:

• Drains into pharyngeal venous plexus.

Question 15. Superior constrictor of pharynx
Answer:

Superior constrictor of pharynx Origin:

• From the lower part of posterior border of medial pterygoid plate
• From the pterygoid hamulus
• From the posterior border of pterygomandibular raphe
• From posterior end of the mylohyoid line of mandible
• From the side of the tongue

Superior constrictor of pharynx Insertion:

• Inserted into the median raphe on the posterior wall of the pharynx.

Superior constrictor of pharynx Nerve supply:

• It is supplied by the cranial part of accessory nerve through the pharyngeal plexus

Question 2. Nasopharynx
Answer:

Nasopharynx Situation:

• It is upper part of the pharynx situated behind the nose

Nasopharynx Extent:

• From base of skull to soft palate

Nasopharynx Communications:

• Anteriorly- nose

Nasopharynx Function:

• It resembles nose
• Passage of air
• Its walls are rigid & non-collapsable, so that air passage is kept patent

Nasopharynx Nerve Supply:

• Pharyngeal branches of Pterygopalatine ganglion

Question 16. Pharyngobasilar fascia
Answer:

• It forms the bed of the tonsil
• It is fibrous sheet internal to the pharyngeal muscles
• The posterior border of medial pterygoid plate gives attachment to it

Question 17. Lymphatic drainage of tonsil.
Answer:

• Lymphatics from the tonsil pass to the Jugulodigastric nodes

Question 18. List the lymphatic nodules in Waldeyer’s ring
Answer:

Waldeyer’s lymphatic ring consists of:

• Retropharyngeal node
• Pharyngeal tonsil- posteriorly & above
• Pharyngeal tonsil
• Tubal tonsil-Laterally & above
• Lingual tonsil- Inferiorly
• Submandibular nodes

Question 19. Enumerate four relations of constrictor muscle of pharynx
Answer:

Question 20. Molar teeth
Answer:

• Molar teeth are grinding teeth
• They have square crowns with four or five cusps over it
• Deciduous molars are two in each half of each jaw While permanent molars are three in each half of each jaw

Molar teeth Eruption:

Question 21. Temporary teeth
Answer:

• They are 20 in number
• There are
  1. Two incisors- cutting teeth
  2. One canine- holding & tearing teeth
  3. Two molars- grinding teeth, in each half of the jaw
     • They begin to erupt at about six months of age
     • All get erupted by the end of the second year
     • Falling of deciduous teeth to get replaced by permanent teeth is called shedding

Question 22. Premaxilla
Answer:

• It is the embryonic unit of bone lying anterior to the incisive foramen of hard palate

Premaxilla Contents:

• Upper four incisors
• Nasal spine
• Maxillary crest

Premaxilla Applied anatomy:

• Soft tissues in the region of premaxilla could be systematically elevated by detaching the soft tissue & mucosa that could be easily detached from this area
• Tumors involving the floor of the nasal cavity can spread through premaxilla

Question 23. Oral diaphragm
Answer:

• It comprises of two bilateral Mylohyoid muscles
• It provides structural support to the floor of the mouth
• It is attached to hyoid bone so that it can pull larynx forward during swallowing & opening of mouth

Question 24. Structure of tooth
Answer:

Each tooth is composed of:

1. Pulp

• It is central core of tooth
• It is loose, fibrous connective tissue
• Vessels, nerves, lymphatics reaches pulp through apical foramen

2. Dentin

• It is calcified material covering pulp
• Contains dentinal tubule

3. Enamel

• Hardest substance of body
• Covers dentin in crown portion of tooth
• Composed of crystalline prisms

4. Cementum

• Covers dentin in root portion
• It either overlaps enamel or just meet or is short of enamel

5. Periodontal ligament

• It holds the tooth in its socket

Question 25. Development of tooth
Answer:

Development of tooth:

Question 26. Enumerate structures between middle and inferior constrictor of pharynx.
Answer:

Structures between middle and inferior constrictor of pharynx are

• Internal laryngeal nerve
• Superior laryngeal vessels