Introduction To Orthodontics
Question 1. Define orthodontics and name different branches of orthodontics.
Answer. In 1922, The British Society of Orthodontists proposed that, “Orthodontics includes the study of growth and development of jaws and face particularly and the body generally, as influencing the position of the teeth; the study of action and reaction of internal and external influences on the development, and the prevention and correction of arrested and perverted development”.
Answer. In 1922, The British Society of Orthodontists proposed that, “Orthodontics includes the study of growth and development of jaws and face particularly and the body generally, as influencing the position of the teeth; the study of action and reaction of internal and external influences on the development, and the prevention and correction of arrested and perverted development”.
- The word—orthodontics is derived from Greek word orthos—correct dontos—teeth.
- Term orthodontia is given by ‘Le Foulan’.
Branches of Orthodontics
Preventive Orthodontics
It is defied as “the action taken to preserve the integrity of what appears to be the normal occlusion at a specific time”. Graber
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Interceptive Orthodontics
It is defied as “that phase of science and art of orthodontics employed to recognize and eliminate potential irregularities and malpositions in developing dentofacial complex”. Graber
Corrective Orthodontics
It is defied as branch of orthodontics which “recognizes the existence of malocclusion and the need for employing certain technical procedures to reduce or eliminate the problem and the attendant sequelae”. Graber
Surgical Orthodontics
The surgical procedures undertaken as an adjunct to orthodontic treatment.
The surgical orthodontic procedures are usually carried out to remove an etiologic factor or to treat very severe dentofacial deformities that can not be treated by orthodontic therapy alone.
Question 2. What are the objectives of orthodontic treatment? What would happen if you do not meet these objectives?
Answer. The objectives of orthodontic treatment are:
Jackson’s Triad
The three main objectives of orthodontic treatment are:
- Functional effciency: It should be aimed to improving the functioning of orofacial apparatus.
- Structural balance: The orofacial region consist of the dentoalveolar system, the skeletal system and the soft tissue including musculature.
- Esthetic harmony: The orthodontic treatment should aim at improving the esthetic of the individual orthodontic care to improve the appearance of the teeth and face.
Following things will happen if we do not meet these objectives:
- Poor Facial Appearance Malocclusion adversely affecting the facial appearance of an individual.
- Risk of Caries Malalignment of teeth makes oral hygiene maintenance a difficult task, thereby increasing the risk of caries.
- Predisposition to Periodontal Disease
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- Poor oral hygiene.
- Abnormal position can lead to traumatic occlusion which result in periodontal tissue damage.
- Risk of Trauma Surely, proclined teeth are at a high-risk of injury during play or accident.
- Psychological Disturbance Unesthetic appearance of person leads to psychological disturbances, thus the treatment of malocclusion helps in improving the mental well-being and confience.
- Abnormalities of Functions Such as improper respiration, etc.
- TMJ Problems Malocclusion associated with occlusal prematurities and deep bite can cause TMJ problems.
Question 3. Define orthodontics. What are the aims, objectives, limitations and types of orthodontic treatment?
Answer.
Answer.
Definition of Orthodontics
In 1922, The British Society of Orthodontists proposed that, “Orthodontics includes the study of growth and development of jaws and face particularly and the body generally, as inflencing the position of the teeth; the study of action and reaction of internal and external inflences on the development, and the prevention and correction of arrested and perverted development”.
Aims of Orthodontic Treatment
- Orthodontic treatment should intercept departure from normal development of masticatory system.
- It should restore conditions to normal development as early as possible whenever required.
- It should establish occlusion both in functional and aesthetic sense.
Limitations of Orthodontic Treatment
- Age of patient: If age of the patient is more, orthodontist is limited to treatment option of tooth malocclusion.
- Patients motivation and education: Orthodontic appliances require patients cooperation.
- Patients discomfort during treatment.
- Expensive treatment.
- Time require for result of treatment to appear is more.
- Repeated visit.
- Bone and periodontal condition should be good.
- Patients oral hygiene should be good.
- Systemic diseases should not be present.
Question 4. Write short note on unfavorable sequelae of malocclusion.
Answer. Following are the unfavorable sequelae of malocclusion
Answer. Following are the unfavorable sequelae of malocclusion
- Psychological and social problems
- Interference with normal growth and development
- Poor appearance
- Improper deglutition
- Abnormal muscle function
- Improper mastication
- Mouth breathing
- Increased caries activity
- Speech defects
- Temporomandibular joint problems
- Predilection to periodontal disease
- Predilection to trauma
- Prosthetic rehabilitation complication
- Impacted and unerupted teeth leading to cysts and damage to other teeth.
Psychological and Social Problems
Irregular and protruding teeth have a negative impact on a patient’s psychology. Children having malocclusion become reserved. Their social behavior becomes immature.
Interference with Normal Growth and Development
- Morphological and functional changes to the dentition occur due to abnormal figer sucking habit and perverted perioral muscle activity.
- Posterior crossbites leads to abnormal perioral muscle activity.
- Unilateral crossbite is caused by functional aberrations which cause facial asymmetry.
Poor Appearance
Poor appearance mainly due to malocclusion affects the child’s performance and behavior in school as well as play. Proper treatment should be done.
Improper Deglutition
During abnormal swallowing, muscles which leads to facial expression are involved.
Abnormal Muscle Function
Abnormal muscle activity is a contributing factor to malocclusion or many a times is a resultant of malocclusion.
In lip trap, cushioning of lower lip behind the proclined upper incisors will aggravate the proclination. Correction of proclination will correct or eliminate lip trap.
Improper Mastication
Malaligned teeth leads to a different pattern of chewing. Different patterns of chewing can lead to TMJ problems, periodontal problems.
Mouth Breathing
Reduction of increased overjet, activates upper lip, makes lip closure possible establishing anterior oral seal and causes nasal breathing.
Increased Susceptibility to Caries and Periodontal Diseases
Irregular teeth make self-cleansing of oral cavity difficult. This leads to increased susceptibility to caries and periodontal diseases.
Speech Defects
Malocclusion affects the speech pattern of individuals.
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Disorders
Malocclusion causes TMJ problems like clicking, crepitus and pain.
Predilection to Periodontal Disease
Loss of tight contacts and abnormal axial inclinations could lead to uneven distribution of functional stresses. This also leads to periodontal problems.
Predilection to Trauma
One of the most common problem seen in class II div 1 malocclusion is trauma to maxillary anterior teeth.
Prosthetic Rehabilitation Problem
Tipping of teeth in adjacent edentulous area causes space problems for prosthetic rehabilitation.
Impacted and Unerupted Teeth
Interferes with eruption of successor or neighbouring tooth leading to resorption of roots of adjacent tooth.
Question 5. Define orthodontics. Discuss in detail Jackson triad and scope of orthodontics.
Answer. In 1911, Noyes gave the fist definition of orthodontics as, “The study of the relation of the teeth to the development of the face and the correction of arrested and perverted development.”
Answer. In 1911, Noyes gave the fist definition of orthodontics as, “The study of the relation of the teeth to the development of the face and the correction of arrested and perverted development.”
In 1922, The British Society of Orthodontists proposed that, “Orthodontics includes the study of growth and development of jaws and face particularly and the body generally, as influencing the position of the teeth; the study of action and reaction of internal and external influences on the development, and the prevention and correction of arrested and perverted development”.
Later, the American Board of Orthodontics (ABO) and the American Association of Orthodontists (AAO) stated that, “Orthodontics is that specific area of dental practice that has its responsibility, the study and supervision of the growth and development of the dentition and its related anatomical structures from birth to dental maturity, including all preventive and corrective procedures of dental irregularities, requiring the repositioning of teeth by functional or mechanical means to establish normal occlusion and pleasing facial contours.”
Jackson Triad
Jackson has summarized the aims of orthodontic treatment that are popularly known as Jackson’s Triad. They are:
- Functional efficiency
- Structural balance
- Esthetic harmony.
Functional Efficiency
The teeth along with their surrounding structures are required to perform certain significant functions such as mastication and phonation. Orthodontic treatment should increase the efficiency of the functions performed.
Structural Balance
Orthodontic treatment not only affects teeth but also the soft tissue envelop and the associated skeletal structures. The treatment should maintain a balance between these structures and the correction of one should not affect the health of the other.
Esthetic Harmony
Orthodontic treatment should enhance the overall esthetic appeal of the individual. This might just require the alignment of certain teeth or movement of the complete dental arch, including its basal bone. The aim is to get results which go well with the patient’s personality and make him or her look more esthetically appealing.
Scope of Orthodontics
Orthodontic treatment involves the three main tissue systems concerned in dentofacial development, namely the dentition, the skeleton and the facial and jaw musculature. Orthodontic treatment can bring about changes in the dentition, the skeletal system and the enveloping sof tissue.
Alteration in Tooth Position
Orthodontic treatment is made possible by the fact that teeth can be moved through the bone to ideal locations by applying appropriate force on them.
Most malocclusions involving the dental system can be effectively treated by moving teeth so as to normalize the occlusion.
Alteration in Skeletal Pattern
Malocclusion may be associated with skeletal disharmony involving the jaw bones (i.e. maxilla and mandible). Deviations from the normal can arise in size, position and relationship between these skeletal components. It is within the scope of an orthodontist to apply appropriate orthopedic forces that are capable of restraining, promoting or redirecting skeletal growth so as to normalize the skeletal system. The orthodontist can bring about changes in all the three planes of space, i.e. sagittal, transverse and vertical.
Alteration in Soft Tissue Pattern
Soft tissues that envelop the dentition are greatly influenced by the placement of the dentition. It is possible to bring about favorable changes in the soft tissue pattern by orthodontic treatment.
Question 6. Write definition, aims, objectives and scope of orthodontics.
Answer.
Answer.
Definition of Orthodontics
In 1922, The British Society of Orthodontists proposed that “Orthodontics includes the study of growth and development of jaws and face particularly and the body generally, as influencing the position of the teeth; the study of action and reaction of internal and external influences on the development, and the prevention and correction of arrested and perverted development”.
- The word—orthodontics is derived from Greek word orthos—correct dontos—teeth.
- Term orthodontia is given by ‘Le Foulon’.
Aims of Orthodontics
- Orthodontic treatment should intercept departure from normal development of masticatory system.
- It should restore conditions to normal development as early as possible whenever required.
- It should establish occlusion both in functional and aesthetic sense.
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