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Plasmids IS Elements Transposons And Retroelements Plasmids Plasmids are autonomous self-replicating double-stranded circular DNA molecules that are maintained in the cell in a stable and characteristic number of copies. A plasmid is a replicon that is stably inherited in an extrachromosomal state. Most, but not all, plasmids are dispensable as they are not essential for … [Read more...] about Plasmids, IS Elements, Transposons Notes

Regulation Of Gene Action In Eukaryotes The different types of cells in the body of a multicellular organism differ in structure and function, but their genes are identical since all cells are ultimately derived from the zygote by cleavage (mitosis). The problem therefore is: how do cells with identical genetic complements differ so much in stature and function? The answer is … [Read more...] about Eukaryotic Gene Regulation Notes

Organization Of Genetic Material Chromatin When chromatin is isolated from interphase nuclei, the individual chromosomes are not recognizable. Instead one observes an irregular aggregate of nucleoprotein. Chemical analysis of isolated chromatin shows that it consists primarily of DNA and proteins and lesser amounts of RNA. These proteins are of two major classes: Eukaryotic … [Read more...] about Organisation of Eukaryotic Genome Notes

Chemical Nature Of The Genetic Materials Introduction DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid), the principal genetic materials of living organisms, are chemically called nucleic acids and are complex molecules larger than most proteins and contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Historical In 1869, Friedrich Miescher, a 22-year-old Swiss … [Read more...] about Chemical Nature Of Genetic Materials Notes

Identification of the Genetic Materials Introduction When it became evident that the chromosomes were the organs of heredity because they formed the only link between two generations, they carried linearly arranged genes, they occurred in every organism in specific numbers and had specific morphology for a particular species. Any variation in their morphology affected the … [Read more...] about Genetic Material- DNA vs RNA