Molecular Biology

Alteration In The Genetic Material Point Mutation A gene mutation is an abrupt inheritable qualitative or quantitative change in the genetic material of an organism. Since in most organisms, genes are segments of DNA molecules, a mutation can be regarded as a change in the DNA sequence which is reflected in the change of sequence of corresponding RNA or protein … [Read more...] about Alteration In The Genetic Material Point Mutation

Post Translational Processing Of Proteins The process of gene expression is not over when the genetic code has been used to create the sequence of amino acids that constitutes a protein. To be useful to the cell, this new polypeptide chain must fold up into its unique three-dimensional conformation, bind any small molecule cofactors required for its activity, be … [Read more...] about Post-translational Modifications of the Protein

Multigene Families The majority of genes are spaced out more or less randomly along the length of the DNA molecule. In some cases, however, they are grouped into distinct clusters. Sometimes the individual genes in a cluster are unrelated and there is no apparent reason or advantage to having them organized in this way. More commonly, clusters are made of genes that … [Read more...] about Multigene Families – Types, Evolution and Examples

Regulation Of Gene Action In Bacteria And Viruses Bacteria are exposed to a wide range of environmental conditions. For example, E. coli may encounter rapidly changing growth conditions as they pass from the mammalian intestinal tract to sewer systems to polluted rivers, lakes, ponds, and so on. Each of these ecological niches will provide different organic molecules for … [Read more...] about Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria Notes

Ribosomal RNA And Transfer RNA Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Ribosomes are cell organelles, that function as a cell’s protein factories. They provide for the sites of protein synthesis involving the translation of the genetic information encoded in the messenger RNA (mRNA). When not engaged in protein synthesis, the ribosomes in a bacterial cell are always free, but in an … [Read more...] about Transfer RNA And Ribosomal RNA Notes