The Immune Response Question And Answers

The Immune Response

Question 1. Write brief on cellular immunity.
Answer:

It is also known as cell-mediated immunity.

• Cellular immunity is the specific acquired immune response mediated by sensitized T cells.
• Bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi are intracellular pathogens which get to multiply in host cells.
• Antibodies are not active against such pathogens,
  immunity against these pathogens is mediated by T lymphocytes.
  The such an immune response which involves the interaction of cells of the immune system with antigens is known as cell-mediated immunity.

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Induction of Cell-Mediated Immunity

• T cells possess various specifi T cell receptors on their surface for antigen.
• The binding of antigen with this receptor on T-lymphocyte initiates cellular immunity.
• As antigen reacts with the T cell, it undergoes proliferation and a sequence of morphological and biochemical events occur and the cell transforms into a larger blast cell, which is known as blast transformation.
• This above interaction leads to blast transformation, clonal proliferation, and differentiation which results in generation of Th and Ts cells, cytotoxic T cells, lymphokine-producing T cells, and memory cells.

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Role of Cellular Immunity

• It provides immunity against infectious diseases caused by obligate and facultative intracellular pathogens.
• It has an important role in delayed hypersensitivity.
• It has an important role in transplantation immunity and graft-versus-host reaction
• It has an important role in immunological surveillance and also provides immunity against cancer.
• It has a role in the pathogenesis of certain autoimmune diseases i.e thyroiditis, etc.

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Question 2. Write a short note on cellular and non-cellular components of cell-mediated immunity.
Answer:

Cellular Component of Cell-Mediated Immunity

T-lymphocytes are the cellular components of cell-mediated immunity.

The antigen is presented by antigen-presenting cells to Tlymphocytes. T-lymphocytes recognize antigens through T cell receptors. These sensitized T lymphocytes undergo blast transformation, clonal proliferation, and differentiation in memory cells and effector cells. Activated lymphocytes release lymphokines which leads to manifestations in cell-mediated immunity.

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Non-cellular Components

The non-cellular components are:

1. Lymphokines
2. Cytokines.

1.  Lymphokines

• Migration inhibiting factor: Inhibits migration of normal macrophages.
• Macrophage activating factor: Restrict macrophage movement and increase phagocytize activity.
• Macrophage chemo tactic factor: Stimulate chemotaxis of macrophages.
• Macrophage stimulating factor: Stimulate macrophage migration to the action site.

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2. Cytokines: