Septicemia Bacteremia And Toxemia And Sexually Transmitted Diseases Question And Answers

Septicemia, Bacteremia And Toxemia

 

Question 1. Write note on septicemia.
Or 
Write briefly on septicemia.
Answer:

Septicemia is defined as a condition in which bacteria circulate and actively multiply in the bloodstream.

Organisms Leading to Septicemia

• • Gram-negative Bacilli:
  • Salmonella typhi
  • S. paratyphi A, B, C
  • Brucella spp.
  • Haemophilus influenza
  • E. coli
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae
  • Proteus spp.
  • Enterobacter spp.
  • Bacteriodes spp.
  • Pseudomonas spp.
• Gram-positive Cocci:
  • S. aureus
  • Staphylococcus epidermidis
  • S. pyogenes
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae.
• Gram-positive Bacilli:
  • Listeria monocytogenes.
  • Gram-negative Cocci
  • Neisseria meningitidis.

Read And Learn More: Microbiology Question And Answers

Pathogenesis Of Septicemia:

Microbes enter the bloodstream by an infective focus with the help of phagocytic cells or by the surface with microflora, leading to the breakage of blood vessels. An organism that enters the bloodstream is quickly eliminated by the immune mechanism of the body, but when the immune system is overwhelmed microorganisms present in the blood get to multiply and lead to septicemia.

Clinical Features Of Septicemia:

• Fever with rigors
• Presence of hypoxia
• Tachycardia
• Dyspnea and cyanosis
• Hypotension
• Mental confusion

Laboratory Diagnosis Of Septicemia

1. Blood Culture:

• Blood Collection:
  • About 2% tincture iodine is applied to the skin over the area of the vein. Allow it to dry.
  • Remove the iodine with sponges saturated with 80% isopropyl alcohol. Apply the tourniquet.
  • 10 mL of blood should be collected by sterile syringe and needle. Dilute the blood to 1:10 and inactivate antimicrobial components which are present in the blood.
  • So 5 mL of blood should be collected in 50 mL of glucose broth and 5 mL of blood is collected in 50 mL of bile broth.
  • For anaerobic bacteria, thioglycollate broth or Robertson’s cooked meat media can be used.
• Processing:
  • As the collection of blood is over, incubate the blood culture bottoms aerobically and made blind subcultures after 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours on the 6th and 10th day.
  • Made subcultures on blood agar, chocolate agar, MacConkey’s agar, Sabouraud’s dextrose agar, and other selective media as indicated.
  • Incubate blood agar anaerobically and chocolate agar under 5 to 10% CO₂ and other media in ordinary conditions.
  • As incubation get completed, colonies should be obtained on solid media and should be studied further for identification by using biochemical reactions.
• Castenda’s Method:
  • This method is used for the rapid detection of causative agents.
  • Collect the blood in a liquid medium and incubate the bottle in an upright position.
  • For inoculating the agar, tilt the bottle at intervals so that the broth flows over the agar slant. Incubate it again in the upright position.
  • The formation of colonies on agar slants should be identified and studied.
• Automated Blood Culture Method:
  • New unconventional method for detecting the bacteria in the blood is now present. These methods detect bacterial growth by various techniques, for example. Carbon dioxide by radiometric or optical methods. The most commonly used method is the Bactec system

2. Non-culture methods:

• Various non-culture methods used for the detection of circulating
  agents are:
  • Latex agglutination test: This detects antigens of Group B streptococci, H. influenza type b, S. pneumoniae, N. meningitis, staphylococci, and a few yeasts.
  • Countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis: It detects pneumococci, Klebsiella, H. influenza, and various other microbial agents.
  • Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay test: It detects circulating lipopolysaccharide of gram-negative bacteria in the blood.
• Complications:
  • Presence of septic, bacteremic shock
  • Disseminated intravascular coagulation
  • Acute renal failure
  • Shock can cause multiple organ failures.
• Treatment:
  • Immediate parenteral antibiotic therapy in proper dosage is given after the culture report
  • Incision and drainage of abscess should be done.
  • Proper IV fluids should be given.
  • Proper antibacterial antibiotics should be given to the patient for gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, and anaerobes.
  • For gram-positive bacteria, antibiotics such as penicillin, cloxacillin, fusidic acid, etc. are given.
  • For gram-negative bacteria, antibiotics such as ampicillin, gentamycin, tobramycin, cefotaxime, etc.
  • For anaerobes metronidazole is given

Question 2. Write briefly on toxemia.
Answer:

Toxemia

It is defined as the distribution throughout the body of poisonous products of bacteria growing in a focal or local site, thus producing generalized symptoms, i.e. fever, diarrhea, malaise, vomiting, quickened or depressed pulse, respiration, and shock.

Toxemia Clinical Features:

• Intermittent high-grade pyrexia (fever)
• Rigors and chills
• Jaundice due to liver damage
• Peripheral circulatory failure
• Intravascular coagulation
• The patient may go into septic shock
• Septic shock is secondary to sepsis; it is characterized by inadequate perfusion of tissue
• Septic shock differs from all other forms of shock by having a hot stage before the cold stage.

Toxemia Treatment:

• Management of primary focus of infection.
• Broad-spectrum antibodies are given.
• Blood and fluid transfusion to correct septic shock.
• Injection of hydrocortisone in case of septic shock may be useful.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Question 3. Enlist sexually transmitted diseases.
Answer:

Following is the list of sexually transmitted diseases.

• Painless genital ulcers:
  • Syphilis
  • Donovanosis
  • Lymphogranuloma venereum.
• Painful genital ulcers:
  • Chancroid
  • Herpes genitalis.
• Urethral discharge:
  • Gonorrhea
  • Non-gonococcal urethritis
• Vaginal discharge:
  • Bacterial vaginosis
  • Trichomonal vaginitis
  • Vulvo-vaginal candidiasis.
• Genital warts:
  • Condyloma acuminata