Nephrotic Syndrome Question and Answers

Question. Enumerate the common causes of Nephrotic Syndrome.
Answer. It is a clinical complex with number of renal and extrarenal features

• Hypoproteinemia
• Hypoalbuminemia
• Generalized edema or anasarca
• Hypercholesterolemia
• Hypercoagulability.

“Understanding nephrotic syndrome through FAQs: Causes, symptoms, and treatments explained”

1. Primary glomerular diseases

• Minimal change nephropathy.
• Mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis.
• Membranous nephropathy.
• Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis.
• Crescentic glomerulonephritis

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3. Secondary to other diseases:

• Infections: Malaria, hepatitis B, herpes zoster,
  streptococcal and staphylococcal infections, syphilis,
  leprosy, schistosomiasis.
• Drugs: NSAIDs, Heavy metals such as gold, anti convulsants, penicillamine, ACE inhibitors, heroin,rifampicin, tolbutamide and probenecid.
• Malignancy: Hodgkin’s disease and other lymphomas.
• Systemic diseases: Diabetes mellitus, amyloidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Henoch­Schonlein purpura, cryoglobulinemia, polyarteritis nodosa.
• Familial disorders: Congenital (neonatal) nephrotic syndrome, Alport’s syndrome, Fabry’s disease
• Miscellaneous conditions: Reflx nephropathy, renal vein thrombosis, toxemia of pregnancy, allergic reactions to insect bites, pollens and vaccines, renal artery stenosis.

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