Research Process
Question 1. Define research process
Answer:
Research Process:
- Scientific research involves a systematic process that focuses on being objective and gathering a multitude of information for analysis so that the researcher can come to a conclusion.
- This process is used in all research and evaluation projects, regardless of the research method (scientific method of inquiry, evaluation research, or action research)
Question 2. Steps In Nursing Research Process / Research Process
Answer:
Research Process:
- Scientific research involves a systematic process that focuses on being objective and gathering a multitude of information for analysis so that the researcher can come to a conclusion.
- This process is used in all research and evaluation projects, regardless of the research method (scientific method of inquiry, evaluation research, or action research)
Steps In the Nursing Research Process:
- The phases and steps in the research project give an overview of the research process. Actually, there were five basic phases involved in conducting research, i.e. assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
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- In the assessment phase, the investigators select the topic and identify a research problem, formulates the proposal for a research project, reviews the literature, concerning the project, and defines the concepts and variable to be studied.
- In the diagnosis phase, the investigator states the hypothesis, examines the possible ethical implications of the research proposal, reviews pertinent literature, and identifies the theory, assumptions, and limitations of the proposal.
- In the planning phase, the researcher describes the research design and methods of research including sampling, data collection, instruments to be used, and method of data analysis, obtains informed consent from subjects to be studied in the pilot study, conducts the study, and revises proposals in the light of findings, and plans how to communicate findings.
- In the implementation phase, the researcher collects data from the subjects.
- In the evaluation phase, the investigator performs analyses and interpretations of the data collected from the target population and communicates the findings as per the plan made in the planning phase.
- The brief explanation of these five phases indicates that in each phase, the researcher has to follow different steps.
- Each phase may be divided into various steps that may differ in some ways from project to project.
- The common steps of each phase will now be examined. The research process consists of phases or steps that can be compared and contrasted with those of the nursing process.
1. Identify the problem:
- The first step and one of the most important steps in the research process is to clearly identify the problem that will be studied.
- This step of the research process may be the most difficult of all and may take a great deal of time.
- Study problems can be identified from personal experiences, literature sources, previous research, or through the testing of theories.
2. Determine the purpose of the study:
- There must be a sound rationale or justification for every research project.
- Some studies viewed it as inconsequential and wasteful of time and money. The research must take explicit the expectations for the use of the study results.
- If the purpose of a study is clearly presented and justified, the researcher will be much more likely to receive approval for the study and also will be more likely to obtain subjects for the study.
3. Review the literature:
- Research should build on previous knowledge. Before beginning a study, it is important to determine what knowledge exists of the study topic.
- A thorough literature review provides a foundation on which to base new knowledge and generally is conducted well before any data are collected in a quantitative study.
Identify the problem
- Determine the purpose of the study
- Review the literature
- Develop a theoretical/conceptual framework
- Identify the study assumptions Knowledge of the limitations of the study
Formulate the hypothesis
- Define study variables/terms Select the research design
- Identify the population
- Select the sample
- Conduct a pilot study
- Collect the data
- Organize the data for analysis
- Analyze the data
- Organize the data for analysis Analyze the data
- Interpret the findings
- Communicating the findings
4. Develop a theoretical/conceptual framework:
- A theory is a systematic vision of reality that serves a scientific purpose. Research and theory are interviews Research can test theories as well as help to develop and refine theories.
- The theoretical or conceptual framework will assist in the selection of the study variables and identification of them.
- The framework provides the perspective from which the investigator views the problem and is not merely ’ a restatement of previous research but an integration of the existing theoretical traditions and knowledge about the topic
Steps In the Nursing Research Process
5. Identify the study assumptions:
- Assumptions are a belief that is held to be true but have not necessarily been proven.
- Each scientific investigation is based on assumption. It also influences the questions that are asked, the data that are gathered, the methods used for data to gather the data, and the interpretation of the
6. Knowledge of the limitations of the study:
- The researcher should try to identify study limitations or weaknesses.
- Limitations are uncontrolled variables that may affect study results and limit the generalizability of the findings.
- The research should openly acknowledge the limitations of a study, as much as possible, before data are collected.
7. Formulate hypothesis:
- A hypothesis predicts the relationship between two or more variables.
- A hypothesis, in other words, is a prediction of expected outcomes, it states the relationships the researcher expects to find as a result of the study.
8. Define study variables/terms:
- The definitions are usually dictionary definitions or theoretical definitions, a variable should be operationally defined.
- An operational definition indicates how a variable will be observed or measured. Operation definitions frequently include the instrument that will be used to measure the variables.
9. Select the research design:
- It is concerned with the type of data that will be collected and the means used to obtain these data.
- For example, the researcher must decide if the study will examine cause-and-effect relationships or will only describe existing situations.
- Research design can be categorized as quantitative or qualitative. They also can be categorized as experimental or nonexperimental.
- Experimental design can be further divided into true experimental, quasi-experimental, and pre-experimental designs.
- Nonexperimental designs include survey studies, correlation studies, comparative studies, and methodological studies.
10. Identify the population:
- The researcher must specify the broad population or group interest as well as the actual population and the second type is called the accessible population.
- The researcher would like to assert that study results apply to a wide target population, this population must be similar to the accessible population for such an assertion to be made.
11. Select the sample:
- The sample is chosen to represent the population and is used to make a generation about the population.
- The method of selecting the sample will determine how representative the sample is of the population.
- The researcher must make the determination of which sampling method to use, after considering the advantages and disadvantages of the various types of probability and non-probability sampling methods.
12. Conduct a pilot study:
- A pilot study involves a miniature, trial version of the planned study. People are selected for the pilot study who are similar in characteristics to the sample that will be used for the actual study.
- The function of a pilot study is to obtain information for improving the project or for assessing its feasibility.
13. Collect the data:
- The researcher should typically specify procedures for collecting data for describing the study to the subjects, obtaining the necessary informed consent, and if necessary training those who will be involved in the collection of the data.
- Although the data collection step of the research may be very time-consuming, it is sometimes considered to be the most exciting part of the research.
14. Organize the data for analysis:
- The researcher should have prepared dummy tables and graphs that could be filled in with the data once they are obtained.
- A statistician should be consulted in the early phase of the research process. As well as in the data analysis phase of the study.
15. Analyze the data:
- Statistical analysis covers a broad range of techniques, including some simple procedures as well as complex and sophisticated methods.
- Now, a researcher can sit at a computer terminal input large amounts of data, and receive the results of the analysis almost instantaneously.
16. Interpret the findings:
- Before the results of a study can be communicated effectively, they must be organized and interpreted in a systematic fashion.
- Interpretation refers to the process of making sense of the results and examining the implications of the findings within a broader context.
17. Communicating the findings:
- The final step in the research process and the most important one for nursing is the communication of the study findings.
- Research findings can be communicated through many different mediums. The best method of reaching a large number of nurses is through publication in research journals.
Question 3. Explain the role of a nurse in the research process
Answer:
Research Process:
- Scientific research involves a systematic process that focuses on being objective and gathering a multitude of information for analysis so that the researcher can come to a conclusion.
- This process is used in all research and evaluation projects, regardless of the research method (scientific method of inquiry, evaluation research, or action research)
Role Of Nurse In Research Process
- Many nurses have expressed an interest in conducting a nursing research project, but some have not had sufficient or recent exposure to the process of how to develop a research study.
- The nursing research process can be outlined using the nursing process steps of assessment, planning, intervention, and evaluation.
- In the assessment phase, the problem is identified, the literature is reviewed, and the variables are identified.
- In the planning phase, the research question or hypothesis is formulated, and decisions are made on how the variables will be measured and how the sample will be chosen.
- In the intervention phase data collection occurs; in the evaluation phase the data is analyzed and interpreted and the findings are communicated.
- By giving nurses a detailed yet understandable plan on how to conduct nursing research, their curiosity is encouraged and the body of knowledge will grow.
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