Nursing Research And Statistics
Question 1. Define Nursing Research.
Answer:
Nursing Research Definition:
1. American Nurses Association:
- Nursing research develops knowledge about health and promotion of health over the full life span, care of persons with health problems and disabilities, and nursing actions to enhance the ability of individuals to respond effectively to actual or potential health problems.
2. International nurses (Benolie) 1984:
- Nursing research supports the need for nursing research as a means of improving the health and welfare of the people. Nursing research is a way to identify new knowledge, improve professional educational practice, and use resources effectively.
3. International council of nurses (1986):
- Nursing research is a way to identify new knowledge, improve professional education and practices, and use resources effectively.
4. Commission of nursing research (1981):
- Nursing research is defined as the application of scientific inquiry to the phenomena of concern in nursing.
- Nursing research seeks to find new knowledge that can eventually be applied in providing nursing care to patients.
5. Walls and Bauzell (1981):
- Nursing Research To The Use Of Systematic, Controlled, Empirical And Critical Investigation In Attempting To Discover Or Confirm Facts That Relate To Specific Problems or Questions About The Practice Of Nursing.
6. Polit and Hungler (1995):
- Nursing research is a systematic search for knowledge about issues of importance in the nursing profession.
Read And Learn More: BSc Nursing 3rd Year Nursing Research And Statistics Previous year Question And Answers
Question 2. The goal of nursing research
Answer:
American Nurses Association:
- Nursing research develops knowledge about health and promotion of health over the full life span, care of persons with health problems and disabilities, and nursing actions to enhance the ability of individuals to respond effectively to actual or potential health problems.
2. Polit and Hungler (1995):
- Nursing research is a systematic search for knowledge about issues of importance in the nursing profession.
Goals of Nursing Research
- Build a body of nursing knowledge.
- improve nursing care
- improve patient care outcomes
- Improve the quality of life
- Define and expand the scope of nursing practice
- Validate improvements in nursing
Make healthcare efficient and cost-effective.
Question 3. Characteristics Of Nursing Research
Answer:
1. American Nurses Association:
- Nursing research develops knowledge about health and promotion of health over the full life span, care of persons with health problems and disabilities, and nursing actions to enhance the ability of individuals to respond effectively to actual or potential health problems.
2. Polit and Hungler (1995):
Nursing research is a systematic search for knowledge about issues of importance in the nursing profession.
Characteristics Of Nursing Research
- Research discrete towards the solution of a problem.
- Research emphasizing the development of generalizations of principles or theories.
- Research is more than information retrieval (i.e.) the simple gathering of information.
- Research based upon observable experience or empirical evidence. Research rejects revelation methods of establishing knowledge and accepts only what can be verified by observation.
- Research demands accurate observation and description.
- Research gathering new data from primary or firsthand sources or existing data for a new purpose.
- Research carefully designed.
- Research requiring expertise.
- Research strives to be objective and logical.
- Research monitoring the quest for answers to solve the problems.
- Research is characterized by patience and unhurried activity.
- Research is carefully recorded and reported.
- Research sometimes requires courage.
Question 4. Need For Research In Nursing
Answer:
1. American Nurses Association:
- Nursing research develops knowledge about health and promotion of health over the full life span, care of persons with health problems and disabilities, and nursing actions to enhance the ability of individuals to respond effectively to actual or potential health problems.
2. Polit and Hungler (1995):
- Nursing research is a systematic search for knowledge about issues of importance in the nursing profession.
Need For Research In Nursing:
- The Ultimate goal of any profession is to provide its clients with maximum effective and efficient services.
- A profession seeks to improve the practice of its members and to enhance its professional stature.
- For the continual development of a relevant body of knowledge. Nursing research represents a critically important ’tool’ for the nursing Profession to acquire such knowledge.
Need for research in nursing:
- To maintain professionalism, i.e.: professional dignity
- To have autonomy in nursing.
- To have accountability
- To develop critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving techniques.
- To develop new techniques of nursing intervention.
- To evaluate the effectiveness of new nursing techniques.
- To develop a scientific body of knowledge
- To answer problems relating to health delivery and care
- To determine areas of need relating to education, IPR, and patient teaching.
Need For Research In Nursing
1. Professionalism:
- Nurses increasingly recognize the need to extend the base of nursing knowledge as part of professional responsibility and endorse research investigations as a way to achieve this objective.
- Moreover, nurses are committed to the evolution of a fairly distinct body of knowledge that separates nursing from other professions.
- Nursing is only one of the several professions involved in the delivery of health care. Information from nursing investigation helps to define better the unique role that nursing plays.
2. Accountability:
- During the 1970s nursing leaders pointed out that the quality of nursing care cannot be improved until information-based accountability becomes as much part of nursing tradition as humanitarianism.
- Nurses who incorporate research evidence into their clinical decisions are being professionally accountable to their clients and are also helping nursing to achieve its own professional identity.
3. Social relevance of nursing:
- Nurses today are being asked more than ever before to document their role in the delivery of health services.
- People are recognizing health care as a right rather than a privilege and with spiraling costs, are asking various groups of health professionals how their service contributes to the total delivery of health care.
- This increased interest in examining healthcare practices makes it essential for nurses to evaluate the efficacy of their practices and to modify or abandon those practices shown to have no effect on client health.
Question 5. Role Of Nurse In Research
Answer:
1. American Nurses Association:
- Nursing research develops knowledge about health and promotion of health over the full life span, care of persons with health problems and disabilities, and nursing actions to enhance the ability of individuals to respond effectively to actual or potential health problems.
2. Polit and Hungler (1995):
- Nursing research is a systematic search for knowledge about issues of importance in the nursing profession.
Role Of Nurse In Research:
- Nurses act as principal investigators, members of research teams, identifiers of researchable problems, evaluators of research findings, users of research findings, client advocates during studies, and subjects/ participants in research. Research utilization focuses on the implementation of findings from specific research studies.
- Principal Investigator: Nurses can and should serve as principal investigators in scientific investigations. To be a principal investigator, special research preparation is necessary.
- Members of a research team: Nurses may act as data collectors or administer the experimental intervention of the study. As Nurses increasingly participate in research, it is possible that interest and enthusiasm to conduct their own investigations may grow.
- Evaluator of research findings: All nurses should be involved in the evaluation of research findings. As research consumers, nurses have the obligation to become familiar with research findings and determine the usefulness of these findings in the practice area. The evaluation of research is not an easy task.
- User of research findings: After evaluating research findings, nurses should use relevant findings in their practice. The primary goal of nursing research, as has been mentioned, is the improved care of clients. However, nurses must be judicious in their use of research findings.
- Client advocate during studies: Nurses have the responsibility to act as client advocates when clients are involved in research. Nurses can help answer questions and explain a study to potential participants before the study begins. They also can be available during the study to answer questions or provide support to study participants.
- Subject in studies: Nurses also can act as subjects in research. Many nurses are involved in a long-term survey study that is being conducted by researchers at Harvard Medical School, with funds provided by the National Institute of Health.
Question 6. Evidence-Based Nursing Research
Answer:
American Nurses Association:
- Nursing research develops knowledge about health and promotion of health over the full life span, care of persons with health problems and disabilities, and nursing actions to enhance the ability of individuals to respond effectively to actual or potential health problems.
Evidence-Based Nursing Research:
- Evidence-based nursing practice was started in the 1800s by Florence Nightingale. it is a problem-solving approach to clinical decision making.
- It is the process of integrating clinical knowledge, judgment, and proficiency skills with the best available clinical evidence, such as nursing practice into patient care.
- Gaining knowledge and skills in evidence-based practice provides nurses and other clinicians the tools needed to take ownership of their practice and transform health care in a comprehensive manner.
Nursing Research Definition:
- Evidence-based practice is an integration of the best evidence available, nursing expertise, and the values and preferences of the individuals, families, and communities served
- Evidence-based practice is a continuous interactive process involving the explicit, conscientious, and judicious consideration of the best available evidence to provide care.
- Evidence-based practice is the conscientious use of current best evidence in making clinical decisions about patient care.
Evidence-based nursing practice (EBNP):
- It means that nurses make clinical decisions based on the best research evidence, their clinical expertise, and the healthcare preferences of their patients/clients.
- Although EBNP may be based on factors research findings, such as patient preferences and the expertise of clinicians, the aim of EBNP is to provide the best possible care based on the best available research
Purposes of EBP:
- To provide the highest quality and most cost-efficient nursing care possible.
- To advance the quality of care provided by the nurses.
- To increase the satisfaction of patients.
- To focus on nursing practice away from habits and tradition to evidence and research.
Steps involved in EBP:
- Select a topic and correct appropriate reviews.
- Analyze data for clinical practice and design interventions based on evidence.
- Predict and analyze outcomes and examine the pattern of behavior and outcomes.
- Identify gaps in EBP and evaluate projects to determine and implement best practices.
Limitations:
- Resistant to change in nursing practice.
- Ability to critically appraise research findings in nursing
- Poor administrative support in nursing.
- Fear of stepping on one’s toes in nursing
- lack of continuing education programs in nursing.
Question 7. Explain the problems faced in nursing research
Answer:
Problems In Nursing, Health, And Social Research:
- Research is not an easy activity in itself. Moreover, it becomes more difficult when it is conducted outside the laboratory.
- Research in health, nursing, and social sciences is usually carried out naturally,
where the researcher faces the following main problems:
The fallibility of disciplined research:
- Indeed most of the research studies in the field of nursing, health, and social sciences have some limitations.
- Each research question can be solved by different approaches, depending on several factors. Therefore, it is always confusing to decide the best approach for solving a research question.
- It means that in these disciplines, none of the approaches can solve a question completely. However, repeated attempts to solve a similar question with identical answers may increase the value of generated pieces of evidence.
Handling multiple variables:
- Most of the research studies in the field of nursing and health and social sciences usually focus on the measurements of multiple variables in a single attempt.
- This attempt to handle multiple data in a single instance not only causes data collection, analysis, and interpretation problems, but also needs lots of time, energy, and money to handle these multiple nonnumerical data.
Difficulty in control of external variables:
- Research in nursing, health, and social sciences is usually conducted in natural settings.
- Therefore, it becomes very difficult to exert control over external variables while measuring the effect of an independent variable on the dependent variable.
- For instance, a researcher wants to assess the efficacy of an antibiotic in the treatment of an infection where a patient’s biochemical parameters, diet, lifestyle, consumption of other drugs, etc. are the external variables, that are ethically difficult to control.
Minimal possibility of laboratory research:
- Research in nursing, health, and social sciences usually deals with phenomena related to humans, where ethically as well as practically it becomes very difficult to conduct research studies in a laboratory.
- Most of the research in these disciplines is conducted outside the laboratory, in natural settings.
Lack of standardized tools:
- Research in nursing, health, and social sciences deals with natural phenomena where valid and reliable standardized tools are needed to generate empirical pieces of evidence.
- However, it is evident that there is a significant lack of valid and reliable tools to measure variables in nursing, health, and social science disciplines.
Measuring qualitative phenomenon through quantitative means:
- It is usually observed that several phenomena in the fields of nursing, health, and social sciences are qualitative in nature.
- However, it can be commonly seen that these disciplines usually measure these qualitative phenomena by using quantitative means where the effectiveness of evidence gets distorted.
- This is assumed that this usually happens because of the superficial knowledge of qualitative research among professionals in nursing, health, and social sciences.
Lack of interest among researchers:
- It is generally observed that people in the field of nursing, health, and social sciences conduct research studies only for specific purposes such as partial fulfillment of a particular degree or due to a specific compulsion as a part of their job.
- However, it is generally observed that professionals in the fields of nursing, health, and social sciences experience a lack of interest because of several reasons like lack of government funding, research training, and motivation.
Ethical constraints:
- Research studies in nursing, health, and social sciences deal with human beings where safeguarding their rights becomes an important issue. Moreover, several problems cannot be studied only because of the ethical constraints.
- Lack of qualitative research expertise: Qualitative research methods are considered to be best to study phenomena in the field of nursing, health, and social sciences but there is a significant dearth of experts equipped with the knowledge of qualitative research.
Question 8. Limitations In Research
Answer:
- Limitations of a dissertation are potential weaknesses in the study that are mostly out of your control, given limited funding, choice of research design, statistical model constraints, or other factors.
- In addition, a limitation is a restriction on the study that cannot be reasonably dismissed and can affect your design and results.
Meaning:
- Limitations are conditions that restrict the scope of the study or may affect the outcome and cannot be controlled by the researcher.
- Knowledge of limitations must always be balanced with the likely benefits of the outcome of an inquiry.
- All research studies also have limitations and a finite scope.
- Limitations are often imposed by time, budget, legal and ethical constraints, and reliability of the data.
- Accurate up-to-date information obtained by research can be of enormous value to society in gaining and maintaining its competitive edge.
Types of limitations:
- Budgetary constraints: Gathering and processing data can be very expensive. Many researchers may lack the expertise to conduct extensive surveys to gather primary data
- Time constraints: The data gathering and processing may be time-consuming. Many researchers may lack time to conduct an extensive survey within the available time to complete their requirements.
- Reliability of the data: The value of any research finding depends critically on the accuracy of the data collected.
- Data quality can be compromised via a number of potential routes. For example, leading questions, unrepresentative samples, biased interviewers, etc.
- efforts to ensure that data is accurate, samples are representative and interviewers are objective will all add to the costs of the research, but such costs are necessary if poor decisions and expensive mistakes are to be avoided.
- Legal and ethical constraints: The researcher must ensure that while gathering the data should ensure that the data they obtain is kept secure and is only kept for as long as it is necessary.
- It must be made clear as to why data is being collected and the consent of participants is obtained.
Question 9. Discuss the importance of clinical research in nursing.
Answer:
Health research serves two major purposes:
- First basic research is necessary to generate new knowledge and technologies to deal with major unresolved health problems.
- Second, applied research is necessary to identify priority problems and to design and evaluate policies and programs that will deliver the greatest health benefits, making optimal use of available resources.
- In addition to providing and coordinating clinical care, clinical research nurses have a central role in assuring participant safety, maintenance of informed consent, integrity of protocol implementation, accuracy of data collection and recording, and appropriate follow-up.
- Nursing care provided to research participants is driven by study requirements and the collection of research data as well as clinical indications.
- Patient assessment and clinical data collection may include clinical observations, clinical measurements, specimen collection and preparation, and documentation of research participant-reported outcomes.
- Interventions and study procedures may include the administration of investigational drugs, the performance of an experimental or investigational surgical or radiological procedure, detailed clinical evaluation or phenotyping to characterize the natural history and etiology of a disease, or delivery of a psychosocial intervention.
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- The participant’s response to the study intervention may make additional nursing care necessary. These care requirements range from educating the participant about self-monitoring to comprehensive physiological monitoring and life support in an intensive care unit.
- Clinical Research allows you to acquire skills and techniques to be capable of collaborating efficiently with co-workers in basic sciences and other disciplines in the successful conduct of high-quality clinical trials
- Clinical Research helps develop proficiency in the study design exhibiting the dept. and difficulty of clinical and translational science applications
- Clinical research allows you to understand how to perform and control clinical research
- Clinical research allows you to gain knowledge about various regulatory authorities and their specification to approve the marketing of healthcare products.
- Gaining knowledge of the use of medical data, data evaluation and use of data databased
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