BSc Nursing 2nd Year Communication And Education Technology Chapter 7 Educational Media Question And Answers

Chapter 7 Educational Media Questions and Answers

Question 1 . Principles of Audio Visual Aids.
Answer:

Audio Visual Aids Definition: Audio-visual aids are those sensory objects or images that initiate stimulate and reinforce learning. Audio-visual aids are those aids that help in completing the triangular process of learning i.e. motivation, classification, and stimulation.

Principles for using audiovisual aids: The following principles must be kept in mind for the effective use of audiovisual aids.

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Principle of selection: The selection of an audiovisual aid must be based on the basic characteristics of a learner, teacher, educational material, educational institution, and the philosophy and objectives of the teaching-learning process. The basic characteristics of a learner that should be considered are age, class, mental ability, and interest.

For selecting a teaching tool, it must be ensured that teachers have the knowledge, ability, and attitude to use a specific audiovisual aid. Furthermore, educational media must be selected according to the type of educational content delivered, resources, and readiness of the educational institution. Moreover, educational media must be the best substitute for real-life experience.

Principle of preparation: To promote the efficient use of audiovisual aids, sound preparation is required in special reference to infrastructure, training of teachers, and money for the preparation and maintenance of audiovisual aids. Primarily, self-made, cost-effective, locally available, and teacher-taught-friendly audiovisual aids must be used.

Principle of physical control: For the efficient use and durability of audiovisual aids, it is necessary to have appropriate control of the physical environment, e.g. a proper place for storage, appropriate environmental temperature, and proper cleanliness. An appropriate physical control for audiovisual aids in the classroom and institution promotes the working, durability, and hindrance-free use of the audiovisual aids.

Principle of proper presentation: The presentation of the teaching aid is the operation stage. The teachers must carefully ensure that the audiovisual aid is in good working condition. They should acquaint themselves with all the operating systems so that aids can be handled without any undue discomfort. Furthermore, teaching aids must be presented in a manner that every student can visualize them with the greatest comfort and it should catch the attention of students and ultimately enhance learning in the learners.

Principle of response: Teachers must ensure that students respond to the stimulus provided by the audiovisual aids so that they can judge the effectiveness of the audiovisual aid in promoting learning in students. In the absence of students’ responses, teachers will not be able to evaluate the effectiveness of the teaching aids in the achievement of educational objectives.

Principle of evaluation: Evaluation is one of the most essential principles because it conveys the efficacy of a particular teaching aid. The teachers can modify their plans for audiovisual aids used in light of the results of the evaluation of a particular audiovisual aid. Evaluation of audiovisual aids should be made a regular and continuous process so that timely action can be taken and educational objectives can be achieved without any undue inconvenience and delay.

Other miscellaneous principles: Some additional miscellaneous principles for the use of audiovisual aids are as follows

• Audiovisual materials should be utilized as an integral part of the educational program.
• Educational aids should be central to the teaching-learning process, under special direction and leadership in educational objectives.
• An advisory committee must be consulted in the selection and utilization of audiovisual materials for different groups of students.
• Educational aids and educational materials must be mutually flexible so they can be adapted based on the needs.
• Ethical and legal aspects should be considered in the production and utilization of educational communication media.

Question 2. Purposes of audiovisual aids
Answer:

Audio-visual aids are those sensory objects or images which initiate stimulate and reinforce learning. Audio-visual aids are those aids that help in completing the triangular process of learning i.e. motivation, classification, and stimulation.

Purposes of audiovisual aids: Audiovisual aids enhance clarity in communication, provide diversity in the methods of teaching, and increase the forcefulness of the subjects being learned or taught. Furthermore, students get direct experience of real-life situations or direct sensory experiences or symbolic experiences through the use of audiovisual aids.

Moreover, some essential purposes of the audiovisual aids are as follows:

• They help in effective perceptual and conceptual learning.
• They help capture and sustain the attention of students.
• They are helpful in new learning. New things are interpreted in terms of past experiences.
• Imagery helps preserve and clarify past experiences and provides near-realistic experience.
• They increase and sustain attention, concentration, and the personal involvement of students in actual learning.
• They create interest, secure attention and motivate students to learn.
• It is easier to understand any given concept through the use of sensory aids.
• They help in saving energy and time for both the teachers and students.
• They allow the student to touch, feel, and see a model, map, picture, or specimen and provide a sensory stimulus to enhance learning.
• They provide for purposeful self-activity and student participation.
• They help provide concreteness, realism, and lifelikeness in the teaching-learning process.

Pictures help study concrete reality to gain actual meaning.

• They help explicate and increase the meaningfulness of abstract concepts.
• Concrete experience helps combat the tendency to abstractness.
• Visual materials give definite meaning to words.
• They bring remote events of either space or time into the classroom.
• They serve as an open window through which the student can view the world or its entire phenomenon.
• They introduce an opportunity for situational or field type of learning as contrasted with the linear order verbal and written communication.
• It provides direct experience to the student in the clinical setting and observation experience through field trips or other media.
• They provide, facilitate, and advance the process of applying what is learned to realistic performance and life situations.
• They can meet individual demands.
• They are useful for the education of the masses.

Question 3. Write types of different audiovisual aids
Answer:

A basic classification of the types of different audiovisual aids is given below.

Question 4. Classification of Av Aids.
Answer:

Classification of audiovisual aids

Question 5. Write a Note on a Graphical teaching aids
Answer:

Graphical teaching aids: The word graphics is derived from the Greek word graphics which means visual presentations on some surface such as a wall, canvas, computer screen, paper, or stone to brand, inform, illustrate, or entertain. Graphics can be functional or artistic.

• The latter can be a recorded version, such as a photograph, or an interpretation by a scientist to highlight the essential features, or an artist, in which case the distinction with imaginary graphics may become blurred.
• There are multiple graphic aids that can be used in today’s classroom and motivate students to learn. The most commonly used graphical teaching aids include chalkboards, charts, graphs, posters, flashcards, flannel boards, bulletin boards, and cartoons, which are discussed below.

Chalkboard or blackboard: A blackboard is any dark-colored, flat, smooth surface on which one can write or draw with chalk. It is one of the oldest and simplest visual aids. A chalkboard is also known as a blackboard that is a dark-colored writing surface especially black or green in colour used for classroom teaching by writing or drawing illustrations using sticks of chalk.

Originally, chalkboards were prepared using smooth, thin sheets of slate or stone of black or dark grey color. However, in the new era, green-colored blackboards are becoming more popular because of their better compatibility with viewers’ vision.

1. Chalkboard Or Blackboard Chart: A chart is a combination of pictorial, graphic, and numerical materials, which presents a clear visual summary. It is a diagnostic representation of facts and ideas. The main function of the chart is always to show relationships such as comparisons, relative amounts, developments, processes, classification, and organization. Edgar Dale defines charts as, a visual symbol summarizing, comparing, contrasting, or performing other helpful services in explaining the subject matter.
2. Chalkboard Or Blackboard Graphs: Graphs are illustrations to present numerical and statistical data using dots, lines, shapes, colors, and pictures. Graphical presentation is a visual art based on the use of visual symbolic and visual-abstract forms. They depict numerical, quantitative relationships, or statistical data represented in the form of visual symbols. The common types of graphs are bar graphs, line graphs, pictorial graphs, histograms, pie graphs, and cumulative frequency graphs.
3. Chalkboard Or Blackboard Posters: S.L. Ahluwalia says a poster is a pictorial device designed to attract attention and communicate a story, a fact, an idea, or an image rapidly and clearly. In other words, a poster is a ‘placard, usually pictorial or decorative, utilizing an emotional appeal to convey a message aimed at reinforcing an attitude or urging a course of action’.
   • Posters are generally used for conveying a specific message, teaching a particular thing, giving a general idea, etc. Posters exert great influence on the observer. The poster can be further defined as a graphic representation of some strong emotional appeal that is carried through a combination of graphic aids like pictures, cartoons lettering, and other visual arts on a placard. Posters are graphic aids with short quick and typical messages with attention-capturing paintings.
4. Chalkboard Or Blackboard Flash cards: Flash cards are used for the presentation of an idea in the form of posters, pictures, words, and sentences. A single card or a whole series may be flashed in front of the class. In other words, flashcards are a set of pictured paper cards of varying sizes that are flashed one by one in a logical sequence. Flash cards can be self-made or commercially prepared and are made up of chart drawing paper or plain paper using colors or ink on them for drawings.

Bulletin board: A bulletin board is a display board that shows the visual learning material on a specific subject. It is a soft board that holds pins or tags. It is a simple device placed either indoors or outdoors. Items like photographs, publications, posters, and newspaper cut-outs are generally displayed

Cartoons: A cartoon is a humorous caricature that gives a subtle message. In a cartoon, the features of objects and people are exaggerated along with their general symbols. In short, a cartoon is a figurative and subtle graphic aid. It is a metaphoric representation of reality and makes learning more interesting and effective, as it creates a strong appeal to emotions. A cartoon is an interpretative illustration that uses symbols to portray an opinion, a scene, or a situation.

Question 6. Guidelines for preparing and using a poster and Advantages of a poster, Limitations of a poster.
Answer:

‘A poster is a pictorial device designed to attract attention and communicate a story, a fact, an idea, or an image rapidly and clearly’. In other words, a poster is a ‘placard, usually pictorial or decorative, utilizing an emotional appeal to convey a message aimed at reinforcing an attitude or urging a course of action’.

Posters are generally used for conveying a specific message, teaching a particular thing, giving a general idea, etc. Posters exert great influence on the observer

Guidelines for preparing and using a poster

• Promote one point at a time.
• Support local demonstrations and exhibits.
• It should be planned for specified people on a specified topic and a theme should be provided.
• It should have instant appeal.
• It should tell the message in a single glance.
• It should be attractive enough and pleasing colors should be used.
• For headings, bold letters (20 x 30 inch) should be used.
• The language should be easy and simple.
• The most suitable words should be decided upon to provide a title or a slogan.
• A few layouts should be sketched and the best one should be decided on.
• All needed materials should be gathered to prepare the poster.
• Smudge marks should be erased and finishing touches added.
• The poster must be displayed at a place with good provision of light and where a large number of people can see it.

Advantages of a poster

• Because of its impressive presentation, a poster captivates the eye, regardless of the message, and is capable of being comprehended.
• A poster is a simple and dynamic medium of presenting a message in a compact form.
• A poster tells the story vividly with the desired effect.
• Limitations of a poster
• A poster conveys a single theme and does not always give enough information.
• The lettering if not attractive and accurate makes the poster illegible.
• Smudge marks make the posters unattractive and futile.

Question 7. Electronic media
Answer:

Electronic media: Electronic media may include television, film and radio, movies, the internet, CDs, DVDs, and other devices like cameras and video consoles.

• Television TV has become the most popular of all media. It is effective in not only creating awareness but also to an extent influencing public opinion and introducing new ways of life. The importance of the television is given below:
  • It is a good source of entertainment.
  • It keeps our knowledge up to date.
  • Advertisements inform the general public about various health programs and new ideas.
  • It provides us with the latest information.
  • It contributes positively to the education of society and provides awareness to the people.
• Radio is found nearly in every home. In many developing countries, the radio has a broader audience than television as it can also be seen in the remotest of villages. Radio transmission serves as a vital agency of mass education if used effectively as it is also accessible to poor people. For example, the Government is promoting Kangaroo Mother Care for preterm and low birth weight babies through radio these days. The most common advantages of the radio are as follows:
  • It can be a valuable aid in putting across useful information in the form of straight talks, plays questions and answers, and quiz programs.
  • It is cheaper and portable.
  • It is good for mass education.
  • Radio programs with dramatic effects can arouse positive emotions and reinforce a positive attitude.
  • It keeps our knowledge up to date.
  • It is also a good source of entertainment, news, sports, and traffic events.
  • People can listen to the radio even by closing their eyes as it is only audible.

Question 8. Blackboard/chalkboard. Advantages and disadvantages.
Answer:

Chalkboard/blackboard: A blackboard is any dark-colored, flat, smooth surface on which one can write or draw with chalk. It is one of the oldest and simplest visual aids.

A chalkboard is also known as a blackboard that is a dark-colored writing surface especially black or green used for classroom teaching by writing or drawing illustrations using sticks of chalk.

Originally, chalkboards were prepared using smooth, thin sheets of slate or stone of black or dark grey color. However, in the new era, green-colored blackboards are becoming more popular because of their better compatibility with viewers’ vision.

Advantages of a chalkboard

• It is simple to use with little practice.
• It is economical and reusable.
• It is easily available and can be used at any time.
• It can be used in a wide variety of ways, for simple outlines, drawings, summary of main points, etc.
• It encourages active doing and seeing on the part of the audience.
• It is a natural supplement to all aids and mistakes can be quickly erased.
• It can be easily used for giving lesson notes to students.

Limitations of a chalkboard

• It cannot preserve written material.
• It cannot be used for a large audience.
• It requires imagination, initiation, practice, and preparation.
• It interrupts communication.
• It becomes smooth and full of glare when used constantly.
• It makes students heavily dependent on the teacher.
• It makes the teacher paced.
• It makes the lesson a dull routine.
• It makes the chalk powder spread, which can be inhaled by the teacher and students.

Question 9. Purposes of a Blackboard chalkboard.
Answer:

Purposes of a chalkboard: The main purposes of the blackboard are as follows

• It makes group instruction more concrete and understandable.
• It can set standards of neatness, accuracy, and speed if used properly.
• It can restore the attention of the group.
• It helps avoid many vague statements that can be clarified by drawing sketches, outlines, diagrams, directions, and summaries.
• It initiates aural and visual sensations and helps in learning.
• It can be a means of motivation and interest.
• It can be used for recording the progress and status.

It provides many educational opportunities in all curricular and co-curricular activities. The teacher can present facts, principles, processes, and procedures, assign individual responsibilities, write questions, problems, sources and references, summaries, outlines, and directions, practice individual drills or creative work, make graphic demonstrations, screen for still pictures, projections, symbolic representations and review the total lesson and announcements.

• It can be used to state questions, cite examples of work desired, pose problems, and list sources for study.
• It helps in illustrating forms of charting and providing opportunities for nursing students to practice charting.
• It helps in clarifying abstract statements at the exposition stage and providing a summary containing the salient features at the recapitulation stage.
• It provides a lot of scope for creative and decorative work.
• It helps in starting afresh by erasing writings and drawings.

Question 10. Purposes of Bulletin board
Answer:

A bulletin board is a display board that shows the visual learning material on a specific subject. It is a soft board that holds pins or tags. It is a simple device placed either indoors or outdoors. Items like photographs, publications, posters, and newspaper cut-outs are generally displayed.

Purposes of bulletin boards Bulletin boards are used for the following purposes:

• Communication of ideas
• Giving the correct initial impression
• Broaden the sensory experience
• Intensify impressions
• Vitalize instructions
• Add variety to classroom activity
• Provide information
• Supplement and correlate instructions
• Save time
• Help students learn how to communicate ideas visually
• Facilitate class study of single-copy material
• Encourage participation
• Provide a review

Question 11. Explain Objective structured clinical examination (OSCE)
Answer:

Objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) is a modern type of examination often used in health sciences (for example, medicine, dentistry nursing, pharmacy, and physiotherapy) to assess clinical skill performance and competence in skills such as communication, clinical examination, medical and nursing procedures/prescription, exercise prescription, joint mobilization/manipulation techniques and interpretation of results.

Definitions of OSCE: Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) is a form of performance-based testing used to measure candidates’ clinical competence. During an OSCE, candidates are observed and evaluated as they go through a series of stations in which they interview, examine, and treat standardized patients who present with some type of medical problem.

The OSCE is an approach to the assessment of clinical competence in which the components of competence are assessed in a planned or structured way with attention being paid to the objectivity of the examination.

Uses of OSCE: OSCE can be used for undergraduate as well as postgraduate nursing students to assess their clinical competencies.

Generally, ranges of basic and advanced clinical practice skills are assessed by using a 10-station OSCE session which comprises practice stations such as physical examination stations, history-taking stations, stations that cover communication skills, and stations to perform nursing procedures followed by response stations to ask related multiple choice or short answer questions.

Generally, the following range of practical skills are typically assessed in nursing using OSCE:

• Interpersonal and communication skills
• History-taking skills
• Physical examination of specific body systems
• Mental health assessment
• Clinical decision-making, including the formation of differential diagnosis
• Clinical problem-solving skills
• Interpretation of clinical findings and investigations
• Management of a clinical situation, including treatment and referral
• Patient Education
• Health promotion
• Acting safely and appropriately in an urgent clinical situation
• Basic and advanced nursing care procedure practices.

Organizing the OSCE

• The OSCE examination consists of about 10-15 stations, each of which requires about 4-5 minutes. The number of stations and time spent on each station may vary based on the needs of evaluation.
• All stations should be capable of being completed at the same time.
• The students are rotated through all stations and have to move to the next station at the signal.
• As the stations are generally independent, students can start at any procedure station and complete the cycle.
• Thus, using 15 stations of 4 minutes each, 15 students can complete the examination within 1 hour.
• Each station is designed to test a component of clinical competence.
• At some stations, called the procedure stations, students are given tasks to perform on patients or simulators (some of the essential examples of procedure stations that may be used for first-year B.Sc. Nursing students).
• At all such stations, there are observers with agreed-upon checklists or rating scales to score the student’s performance

Question 12. Functions of poster
Answer:

Posters are used to

• Present a single idea or subject forcefully.
• Communicate a more general idea.
• Publicize important school and community events and projects.
• Thrust the message leading to action for the classroom and community.
• Add atmosphere to the classroom.
• Capture attention by some attractive feature and thus convey the message attractively and quickly.
• Motivate the learners in the class
• Leave a strong lasting impression on the learner’s mind.
• Satisfy the viewer emotionally and aesthetically and create an atmospheric effect.