BSc Nursing 2nd Year Communication And Education Technology Chapter 4 Guidance And Counseling Question And Answers

Chapter 4 Guidance And Counseling Questions and Answers

Question 1. Crisis management process.
Answer:

The word crisis comes from two Chinese words Danger and Opportunity. Danger Opportunity Crisis. The crisis is any event that is expected to lead to, an unstable and dangerous situation affecting an individual, group, or whole organization

Crisis Management: is the process by which an organization deals with a major event that threatens to harm the organization, its stakeholders, or the general public.

Read And Learn More: Bsc Nursing 2nd Year Communication And Education Technology Previous year Question and Answers

Crisis Management Cycle Identification:

1. The first stage of crisis management is Identifying the crisis’ nature.

• Crisis can be clustered into:
• Natural crisis: occurs due to natural disasters.
• Organizational Misdeed crisis: occurs when management takes actions that harm stakeholders without suitable precautions.
• Deception crisis: occurs due to lack of transparency from the management about certain information.
• Workplace violence crisis: occurs when a member commits violence to other members.
• Skewed values crisis: occurs when the short-term gain is favored and values are neglected.
• Rumors crisis: occurs when false information about an organization and its product hurts the organization’s reputation.

2. The Second Stage is Preparing for the crisis. Crisis preparation is done by

• Vulnerability Assessment: Determine current and potential areas of operational and communications weakness.
• Crisis Planning: There are two types
  1. Operational: What we do, who does it, and when it is done.
  2. Communications: What do we say, who says it, how do we get the messages out? Preparation

3. The third stage is Preventing the crisis from happening. Crisis Prevention occurs by

• Anticipate and Have a plan.
• Respond immediately.
• Do not over-talk.
• Always tell the truth.
• Accept responsibility. Prevention

4. The Fourth stage is Responding to the crisis. Effective crisis response includes

• Set of planning scenarios.
• Set of response modules.
• Preset activation protocols.
• Clear communication channels. Response

5. The fifth stage is Recovering from the crisis.

• Organizations must be able to carry on with their business in the middle of a crisis. while simultaneously planning for how they will recover from the damage the crisis caused.
• Crisis handlers must engage in the recovery plan while pursuing the goal. Recovery

Question 3. Differences between counseling and guidance.
Answer:

Guidance: “A process through which an individual can solve their problems and pursue a path suited to their abilities and aspirations” “An educational service designed to help students make more effective use of the schools and training program”

Counseling Definitions: A helping process where one person, explicitly and purposefully gives his/her time, attention, and skills to assist a client to explore the situation and identify and act upon solutions within the limitations of their general environment. Or “A method that helps the client to use a problem-solving process to recognize and manage stress interpersonal relationships among client, family, and health care team

Question 4. Classify the various types of crises.
Answer:

The crisis is a state of disequilibrium resulting from the interaction of an event with the individual’s or family’s coping mechanisms, which are inadequate to meet the demands of the situation, combined with the individual’s or family’s perception of the meaning of the event.

Crisis Definition: A crisis is A dramatic emotional or circumstantial upheaval in a personal life and a stage in a sequence of events at which the trend of all future events, especially for better or determined, is a turning point.

Types Of Crisis: There are three types of crisis

1. Maturational or developmental crisis
2. Situational crisis
3. Adventitious crisis

1. Maturational Or Developmental Crisis: A developmental crisis (also referred to as a maturational or internal crisis) may occur at any transitional period in normal growth and development. The transitional periods where individuals move into successive stages often generate disequilibrium.

Individuals are required to make cognitive and behavioral changes that accompany development, precipitate factors are normal stress of development (for example, adolescence Retirement, marriage, and parenthood)

2. Situational Crisis: A situational crisis (sometimes called accidental or external crisis) is a response to a sudden and unavoidable traumatic event that largely affects a person’s identity and roles.

Examples of events that can participate in situational crises are sudden traumatic events. (example, unexpected job loss, serious car accidents, loss of spouse, academic failure, birth of a child with a disability or diagnosis with a chronic or terminal illness) affects how people perceive themselves.

3. Adventitious crisis (social crisis): A social crisis is accidental, uncommon, and unanticipated and results in multiple losses and radical environmental changes. An adventitious crisis occurs outside the person precipitated by an unexpected event. (examples, Natural disasters, fires, floods, war, etc.)

These crises affect many people who experience both acute and post-traumatic stress reactions. This type of crisis is unlike maturational and situational crises because it doesn’t occur in the lives of all people.

Question 5. Define guidance and counseling
Answer:

Definitions Guidance

1. “A process of dynamic interpersonal relationships designed to influence the attitudes and subsequent behavior of a person”
2. “Assistance made available by qualified and adequately trained personnel to an individual of any age to help an individual to manage his life activities, to develop his points of view, make his own decisions and carry his steps to solve the problems”
3. “A process through which an individual can solve their problems and pursue a path suited to their abilities and aspirations” “An educational service designed to help students make more effective use of the schools and training program”

Definitions Counseling

1. A helping process where one person, explicitly and purposefully gives his/her time, attention, and skills to assist a client to explore the situation, identify and act upon solutions within the limitations of their girls environment
2. “A method that helps the client to use a problem-solving process to recognize and manage stress interpersonal relationships among client, family and health care team
3. “Consultation, mutual interchange of opinions deliberating together”

Question 6. Explain the elements of the counseling process
Answer:

Elements in Counseling: Process Counseling involves two individuals it is a communication between the counselor and counselee (i.e.Tone of voice, facial expressions, gestures, and postures of both play an important role).

1. Counselor – A professionally trained person who can assist or help the counselee.
2. Counselee – A person who seeks help or needs assistance. Mutual respect, rapport, and satisfactory relationship should be established.

The counselor should be friendly and cooperative with the counselee. The counselee should have trust and confidence in the counselor. Counselors should have thorough experience and sound knowledge of the counseling process. It concerns itself with attitudes and actions, Information, intellectual attitudes, understanding of, etc.

Ask the client to get family and friend’s support. Get or refer to consultation, when it is beyond the skills of a counselor. To maintain confidentiality, counseling interviews must be structured.

Question 7. Write down the basic principles of counseling.
Answer:

Basic Principles of Counseling Process: According to McDaniel and Shaftal, the counseling process is based on some basic principles

1. Principle of Acceptance: According to this principle, each client must the accepted as an individual and dealt with as such. The counselor should give, due regard to the rights of the client.
2. Principle of Permissiveness: Counseling is such a relationship that develops optimism and the environment shaped according to the person. All the thoughts accept the relative relationship of counseling.
3. Principle of Respect for the Individual: All the schools of thought of counseling advocate for the respect of the individual i.e., respecting an individual’s feelings must be an integral part of the counseling process.
4. Principle of Thinking with the Individual: Counseling emphasizes thinking with the individual. It is essential to differentiate think to whom. And ‘why to think’? It is the role of the counselor the think about all the forces around the client to join the client’s thought process and to work collectively with the client regarding his problem.
5. Principle of Learning: All the assumptions of counseling accept the presence of learning- elements in the counseling process.
6. Principle of Consistency with Ideals of Democracy: All the principles are associated with ideals of democracy. The ideals of democracy desire to accept a person and want to respect the rights of others. The process of counseling is based upon the ideals of a person’s respect. It is a process with accepts individual differences.

Question 8. Write the areas of counseling in nursing education.
Answer:

Need of Guidance and Counselling in Nursing Education.

1. To help students adjust to the new environment of the nursing institute.
2. To help in developing qualities required for a successful nursing practice.
3. To help students in getting adjusted to the clinical environment.
4. To help students keep in touch with the latest trends in nursing
5. To help students in developing positive learning habits, especially skill learning
6. To help in the development of appropriate coping strategies to deal with stress in a productive manner
7. To help nursing students in establishing proper identity.
8. To help them to develop a positive attitude towards life.
9. To help to overcome periods of turmoil & confusion.
10. To help students in developing their leadership qualities.
11. To motivate them to take membership in professional organizations after completing their studies.
12. Helps them to take advantage of technological advancement in patient care.
13. Helps them to readiness for changes and face challenges
14. To carry responsibilities as a health team member
15. Helps them select of career
16. Motivate them for higher studies.

Question 9. Explain the techniques of counseling.
Answer:

Phase 1 Establish a relationship: Establishing a relationship Is the core phase in the process of counseling. It affects the progress of the process and acts as a curative not possible to have a generalized relationship. It includes factors like respect, trust comfort etc agetal mn. It should be recognized that each counselee-counselor relationship is unique and hence it is Begin the phase with adequate social skills

• Listen attentively and remember the client’s name Ensure physical comfort
• Always address the individual by his/her preferred name Do not interrupt the individual while he/she is talking
• Observe non-verbal communication, become comfortable with you, and accept you into her/his inner world.
• The relationship is not established in just a single session but may require several sessions before he/ she becomes comfortable with you and accepts you into her inner world.

Phase 2 Assessment: It is a phase in which individuals are encouraged to talk about their problems counselor asks questions and Observations problem. collects information seeks his/her views, observes, and possibly helps the individual to clearly state his/her This is the data collecting phase and involves several specific skills such as:

• Inquiry
• Making associations among facts
• Recording
• Making educated guesses
• Recording the information systematically and promptly.

Phase 3 Setting Goals: The purpose of this phase is to provide direction to the individual and counselor. It involves committing to a set of conditions, a course of action, or an outcome. Setting goals helps to know how well counseling is working and when counseling may be concluded. Setting gouts Two types-Immediate and ultimate.

• The process of setting goals is cooperatively done by the counselor and the individual. It requires:
• The skills of drawing inference
• Differentiation
• Teaching individuals to think realistically
• It should be emphasized that goals are not fixed for all time to come and can be changed whenever new normation is received or new insight is developed.

Pase 4 Intervention: As this phase is more influenced by the viewpoints a counselor holds about the counseling process. After setting goals the question that follows is ‘How shall we accomplish these goals?’ The intervention used will depend upon the approach used by the counselor, the problem, and the individual.

• Hence the choice of intervention is a process of adaption and the counselor should change the intervention when the selected intervention is not working. This is similar to medical treatment. When one treatment does not work the practitioner tries the alternative treatment.
• The counseling skills needed are skills in handling the interventions knowledge of its effects and the ability to read the client’s reactions. Individuals can be asked in the beginning about what interventions they have earlier so that other interventions can be used.

Phase 5 Termination and Follow-up:  All counseling has its ultimate criterion a successful termination. It must be done without destroying the accomplishments gained and should be done with sensitivity, intention, and fading. It is not unusual for the individual to have a feeling of a sense of loss, hence termination should be planned over a few sessions. Follow-up appointments can also be fixed for some time.

Question 10. Explain the principles of counseling.
Answer:

Principles to be followed in Counseling technique

1. Acceptance: The client should not be hindered in any manner he/she should be fully encouraged to express his/her feelings freely.
2. Restatement: The Counselor should enable the counselee to realize that he/she is being fully understood and accepted
3. Clarification: The counselor tries to give correct information, and clarifies the doubts of the counselee.
4. Reassurance: Confidence in counseling being given to him/her, reassures the client about the effectiveness of counseling
5. Interpretation: To develop insight into the counselee, he/understands the unconscious motives that he or she resolves his/her inner conflicts.
6. Advice: Advice should be given only in those cases where it is sought for.
7. Rejection: It reverses the direction of thoughts of the counselee.
8. Lead: The client is asked a question in a manner that is helpful to him/her in determining the answer.

Question 11. Discuss the Qualities/attributes of a counselor.
Answer:

A counselor is a person whose job is to advise people who need it, especially advice on their problems.

1. Professional Qualities:
   • He knows the demands and responsibilities of the counseling profession.
   • He knows the aims and objectives of counseling.
   • He is aware of the steps and techniques involved in the counseling process.
   • He has the best interest of the counselee in mind and receives the trust of the counselee.
   • He is confident and well-versed in the methods and approaches of counseling
2. Personal Qualities:
   • The counselor respects the client’s individuality and dignity
   • He knows the psychology of each client, and how they think and behave.
   • He is kind and sympathetic to clients’ problems and anxieties
   • He is gentle, especially when sorting out corrective measures.
   • He is dignified and neat in his manners, speech, and appearance.
   • He is in control of his emotions, especially anger, impatience, and frustration.
   • He can use humor and laughter in his counseling, laugh with clients, and not laugh at them or them at him.
3. Communication Skills: Effective counselors should have excellent communication skills. Counselors need to have a natural ability to listen and be able to clearly explain their ideas and thoughts to others.
   • Acceptance: The ability to relate to clients with an open, nonjudgmental attitude — accepting the client for who she is and in her current situation. Counselors need to be able to convey acceptance to their clients with warmth and understanding.
4. Empathy: Counsellors must be able to display empathy — the ability to feel what another person is feeling. Empathy means that you are truly able to imagine what it’s like to stand in someone else’s shoes. Compassion and empathy help your clients feel understood and heard. 6. Problem-Solving Skills: It’s not up to a counselor to solve her client’s problems, no matter how much she might want to help. However, counselors must have excellent problem-solving skills to be able to help their clients identify and make changes to negative thought patterns and other harmful behaviors.
5. Rapport-Building Skills: Counsellors must possess a strong set of interpersonal skills to help establish rapport with clients and develop strong relationships. Counselors need to be able to place all of their focus on what their clients are saying and avoid being distracted by their problems or concerns when they are in a session.
6. Flexibility: Flexibility in counseling is defined as the ability to adapt and change the way you respond to meet your client’s needs. You don’t stay rigid and stick to a predetermined treatment path when your clients require a different approach. Being flexible is one of the most important attributes of a professional counselor
7. Self-awareness: Self-awareness is the ability to look within and identify your own unmet psychological needs and desires, such as a need for intimacy or the desire to be professionally competent. This ability prevents your issues from affecting or conflicting with those of your clients. Self-awareness has a major impact on a counselor’s effectiveness.
8. Multicultural Competency: Counsellors help people from all walks of life. Multicultural competency means that you try to relate to and understand your clients regardless of their race, ethnicity, religious or political beliefs, or socioeconomic background.
9. Conclusion: In addition to all the qualities mentioned above, the counselor must have qualities of a good personality, good character and wholesome philosophy, health, emotional stability, approachability, intelligence, broad knowledge and interest in guidance and personal working conditions, and understanding of social-economic conditions. In short, a counselor should have qualities of head and heart. It is wiser to say, ‘Counselling is more of a heart-matter than a head-matter.’

Question 12. Explain the different types of counseling services.
Answer:

Counseling is a specialized service of guidance, and it is an enabling process designed to help through learning to take responsibility and to make decisions for himself/herself. It is a helping relationship which includes

• Someone seeking help
• Someone willing to give help

Types Of Counselling

1. Directive Counselling: An approach to counseling and psychotherapy in which the therapeutic process is directed along lines considered relevant by the counselor or therapist. Directive counseling is based on the assumption that the professional training and experience of the counselor or therapist equip him or her to manage the therapeutic process and guide the client’s behavior. Also called directive therapy
2. Non-Directive Counselling or client-centered Counselling: Non-Directive Counselling: In this type of counseling the counselee or client or pupil, not the counselor is the pivot of the counseling process. Since the counselor is given full freedom to talk about his problems and work out a solution, this technique is also called “permissive” counseling.
3. Short-Term Counselling: Short-term counseling – also known as brief therapy or time-limited therapy – typically refers to solution-based therapy with a distinct goal in mind (for example, looking at patterns of negative thinking). Often having a tighter focus than long-term therapy, short-term sessions typically span six to twelve sessions.
4. Long-Term Counselling: Long-term psychotherapy is typically referred to as psychotherapy that exceeds the normal parameters of time allotted for the treatment of most psychological disorders.
5. Psychological counseling: Counseling psychologists help people with physical, emotional, and mental health issues improve their sense of well-being, alleviate feelings of distress
6. Clinical Counselling: Clinical counseling is a branch of clinical psychology that helps people as they navigate emotional or mental health difficulties. Clinical counseling can also be considered part of professional counseling and social work fields.
7. Student Counselling: Student Counselling Cell aims to help students become self-aware and reach their highest potential while dealing with anxiety and stress. The counseling cell provides a happy and comfortable environment for students to discuss their problems regarding their academic and social life.
8. Placement Counselling
9. Marriage Counselling: Marriage counseling, sometimes known as couples therapy, helps couples (whether married or not) to understand and resolve their conflicts and improve their relationship with each other.
10. Vocational counselling
11. Psycho therapeutic counseling
12. Individual Counselling
13. Group counseling
14. Behavioral counseling
15. Dietary counseling
16. Motivational counselling
17. Interpersonal counselling
18. Problem-solving counseling
19. Educational counseling: the counseling specialty concerned with providing advice and assistance to students in the development of their educational plans, choice of appropriate courses, and choice of college or technical school. Also called educational guidance;
20. Personal counselling
21. Moral, religious, and social counseling

Question 13. Mention the type of guidance required for nursing students.
Answer:

“A method that helps the client to use a problem-solving process to recognize and manage stress interpersonal relationships among client, family and health care team

Health Guidance: This guidance is the assistance offered to the individual to solve their emotional, social, ethical, and moral as well as health problems.

Question 14 Write the scope of guidance and counseling in nursing education.
Answer:

Scope Of Guidance And Counselling

• Guidance and counseling for personal needs/problems
• Guidance and counseling for physical, emotional, social, moral, and marital problems
• Guidance and counseling for career advancement
• Guidance and counseling for educational needs/problems
• Guidance and counseling for vocational, occupational, and professional needs
• Guidance and counseling for holistic individual development
• Guidance and counseling for situational problems

Question 15. Purposes of counseling services.
Answer:

• Counseling Services Purposes of Counseling (Dunsmoor and Miller)
• Get information about the pupil which will be of help to him in solving his problems.
• Give the pupil information on matters important to his success.
• Help the pupil work out a plan for solving his difficulties.
• Establish a feeling of mutual understanding between pupil and teacher Encourage special talents and develop the right attitudes
• Help the pupil know himself better, his interests, abilities, aptitudes, and available opportunities.
• Assist the pupil in planning for his educational and vocational choices Inspire successful endeavour toward the attainment or realization of objectives