Biological Oxidation Question And Answers

Biological oxidation

Question 1. Write briefly about the electron transport chain
Answer:

• The electron transport chain is also called the respiratory chain
• It occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane
• It produces ATP via oxidative phosphorylation of ADP

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• It reoxidizes NADH & FADH2 back to NAD+ FAD
• Electrons flow through a series of four Cytochrome complexes of increasing redox potential
• Cytochrome contains a central iron atom which can exist in an oxidized ferric state or reduced ferrous state
• Cytochromes carry electrons as flavins, Iron-sulfur groups, hemes & copper ions

Components of electron transport chain:

• There are five distinct carriers that participate in the electron transport chain
• They are
  1. Nicotinamide nucleotides
  2. Flavoproteins
  3. Iron-sulfur proteins
  4. Coenzyme Q
  5. Cytochromes

Question 2. Name the components of the electron transport chain, mentioning the site of ATP generation & its inhibitors
Answer:

Components of electron transport chain:

• There are five distinct carriers that participate in the electron transport chain
• They are
  1. Nicotinamide nucleotides
  2. Flavoproteins
  3. Iron-sulfur proteins
  4. biochemistry
  5. Coenzyme Q
  6. Cytochromes

Sites of ATP production:

1. Oxidation of FMNH2- reduced flavin mononucleotide by Coenzyme Q
2. Oxidation of Cytochrome b by Cytochrome cl
3. Cytochrome oxidase reaction

Inhibitors:

Question 3. Mention the reactions where reduced NADP is required
Answer:

• Reduced NADP is required for the reductive biosynthesis of fatty acids & steroids
• It is used in the synthesis of certain amino acids
• There is a continuous production of hydrogen peroxide in the living cells which can damage unsaturated lipids, proteins & DNA
• This is prevented by antioxidant reactions involving reduced NADP
• Hydroxylation reactions causing detoxification of drugs involve NADPPI
• Phagocytosis requires reduced NADP
• Reduced NADP maintains the concentration of reduced glutathione required to preserve the integrity of the RBC membrane
• It keeps the ferrous iron of hemoglobin in the reduced state

Question 4. Oxidative phosphorylation
Answer:

• The process of synthesizing ATP from ADP & Pi coupled with the electron transport chain is known as oxidative phosphorylation
• It occurs at the complex V of the inner mitochondrial membrane

P:O Ratio:

• It refers to the number of inorganic phosphate molecules utilized for ATP generation for every atom of oxygen consumed
• P.O ratio for NADH oxidation is 3- this indicates that 3 ATP are synthesized
• P.O ratio for FADH2 oxidation is 2- this indicates that 2 ATP are synthesized

Question 5. Name two antioxidants & their functions
Answer:

Question 6. Synthesis of cyclic AMP
Answer:

• cAMP is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase located on tire inner side of the tire plasma membrane
• Adenylate cyclase is activated by a range of signaling molecules through tire activation of adenylate cyclase stimulatory G protein-coupled receptors Inhibited by agonists of adenylate cyclase inhibitory G protein-coupled receptors
• Liver adenylate cyclase responds to glucagon While muscle adenylate cyclase responds to adrenaline.

Question 7. Components of electron transport chain & sites of ATP formation
Answer:

Components of Electron Transport Chain:

• There are five distinct carriers that participate in the electron transport chain
• They are
  1. Nicotinamide nucleotides
  2. Flavoproteins
  3. Iron-sulfur proteins
  4. Cooney me
  5. Cytochromes

Sites of ATP production:

1. Oxidation of FMNH2- reduced flavin mononucleotide by Coenzyme Q
2. Oxidation of Cytochrome b by Cytochrome cl
3. Cytochrome oxidase reaction