Antifungal Drugs
Question 1. Write Important Uses, Side Effects, And Contraindications Of Nystatin, If Any.
Answer:
Uses Of Nystatin
- Monilial diarrhea
- Monilial vaginitis
- Oral thrush
- Corneal, cutaneous, and conjunctival candidiasis
- It is used topically in oral candidiasis, corneal candidiasis, conjunctival candidiasis, and cutaneous candidiasis.
- Nystatin tablets should be taken for intestinal candidiasis, superinfection due to candidiasis, and in Mongolia diarrhea.
- Nystatin vaginal suppositories are used in vaginal candidiasis.
- Nystatin is also used in the treatment of angular cheilitis and antibiotic-associated stomatitis.
Read And Learn More: Pharmacology Question And Answers
Side Effects Of Nystatin
The only side effects are nausea and a bad taste in the mouth.
Nystatin Contraindication
It is contraindicated in pregnancy.
Question 2. Write In Short On Imidazole Antifungal Agents.
Answer:
Imidazole antifungal agents come under the azole group. They are presently the most extensively used anti-fungal drug.
Four imidazoles are currently available. These are:
- Clotrimazole
- Econazole
- Miconazole
- Ketoconazole
- The first three are topical while ketoconazole is used both orally and topically.
- Imidazoles have broad-spectrum antifungal activity covering dermatophytes, candida, and other fungi.
Imidazole Antifungal Agents Mechanism Of Action
They inhibit fungal cytochrome P450 enzyme lanosterol 114-D methylase and thus impair ergosterol synthesis leading to a cascade of membrane abnormalities in the fungus.
Question 3. Write Important Uses And Toxic/Side Effects Of Grieseofulvin.
Answer:
It is an antifungal antimicrobial drug.
It is a heterocyclic benzofuran.
Uses Of Grieseofulvin
- It is the drug used orally in dermatophytosis (Tinea infection).
- It is reserved for cases with nails, hair, or large body surface involvement.
- It is used in athletes’ feet.
Griseofulvin Toxic/Side Effects
- Headache is a common side effect.
- CNS symptoms and peripheral neuritis can occur.
- Rashes and photoallergy may warrant discontinuation.
- Transient leucopenia and albuminuria are infrequent.
- Presence of fatigue and vertigo.
- Blurred vision is present.
- Gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, heartburn, etc.
- Disulfiam like reaction
- Rarely hepatotoxicity can be seen.
Question 4. Classify Antifungal Drugs. Discuss Nystatin In Detail With A Note On Its Use In Dentistry.
Answer:
Classifiation Of Antifungal Drugs
- Antibiotics
- Polyenes: Amphotericin B, nystatin, natamycin
- Heterocyclic benzofuran: Griseofulvin
- Antimetabolite: Flucytosine
- Azoles
- Imidazoles: Clotrimazole, meconazole, oxiconazole
- Triazoles: Fluconazole, itraconazole
- Allylamine: Terbinafi
- Other topical agents: Benzoic acid, sodium thiosulphate, butenafine.
Nystatin
- It is an antifungal drug.
- It is a polyene antifungal antibiotic.
- It is obtained from Streptomyces noursei.
Nystatin Mechanism Of Action
Nystatin Therapeutic Uses
- It is used topically in oral candidiasis, corneal candidiasis, conjunctival candidiasis, and cutaneous candidiasis.
- Nystatin tablets should be taken for intestinal candidiasis, superinfection due to candidiasis, and in Mongolia diarrhea.
- Nystatin vaginal suppositories are used in vaginal candidiasis.
- Nystatin is also used in the treatment of angular cheilitis and antibiotic-associated stomatitis.
Nystatin Side Effects
Nausea and bad taste.
Nystatin In Dentistry
- Topical nystatin remains a drug of choice for the treatment of candidal infections of the oral cavity.
- For oral candidiasis one lozenge, i.e. 200,000 units may be used 4 to 6 times per day.
- For denture stomatitis nystatin as an ointment can be applied topically every 6 hours to the tissue surface of the denture.
- Nystatin is also used in the treatment of angular cheilitis and antibiotic-associated stomatitis.
Question 5. Write Short Note On Topical Antifungal Drugs.
Answer:
Topical antifungal drugs are nystatin, clotrimazole, miconazole and terbinafie. Besides these drugs, other topical antifungal agents are tolnaftate, undecylenic acid, benzoic acid, quiniodochlor, ciclopirox olamine, butenafie, sodium thiosulphate, selenium sulfide, and ciclopirox.
- In dentistry topically applied nystatin is a second choice drug to clotrimazole for oral thrush, denture stomatitis, antibiotic-associated stomatitis, corticosteroid-associated oral candidiasis, and mucocutaneous candidiasis of lips.
- Clotrimazoleismostcommondrugfororopharyngeal candidiasis. For denture stomatitis patients are advised to apply clotrimazole lotion to the fitting surfaces of the denture before wearing it.
- Miconazole can be used alternate to clotrimazole in oral, cutaneous and vulvovaginal candidiasis.
- Terbinafine is an active drug against dermatophytes and candida. It is used topically as 1% cream in tenia pedis/corporis/cruris/capitis.
- Other topical antifungal agents are used in dermatophytosis, i.e. Taenia infections.
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