Bonded platinum foil coping.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n2. All ceramic restorations<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Platinum foil matrix condensed porcelain restorations<\/strong>\n
\n- Conventional feldspathic porcelain restorations<\/li>\n
- Porcelain restorations with aluminous core<\/li>\n
- Ceramic jacket crown with leucite-reinforced core (Optec HSP)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Castable glass ceramics (Dicor)<\/strong><\/li>\n
- Pressable glass-ceramics<\/strong>\n
\n- Leucite-reinforced glass-ceramics (IPS Empress)<\/li>\n
- Lithia disilicate reinforced glass-ceramics (IPS Empress 2)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Glass-infiltrated core porcelains<\/strong>\n
\n- Glass infiltrated aluminous core (In-Ceram)<\/li>\n
- Glass infiltrated spinel core (In-Ceram Spinell)<\/li>\n
- Glass infiltrated zirconia core (In-Ceram Zirconia)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Ceramic restorations from CAD\/CAM ceramic blanks<\/strong>\n
\n- Feldspathic porcelain blanks (Vitablocs Mark II)<\/li>\n
- Lithia disilicate glass-ceramic blanks (IPS e max CAD, Kavo)<\/li>\n
- Glass infiltrated blanks (Alumina, Spinell, Zirconia)<\/li>\n
- Partially sintered zirconia blanks (Vita In-Ceram YZ)<\/li>\n
- Sintered zirconia blanks (Everest ZH blanks)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Ceramic restorations from copy-milled ceramic blanks<\/strong>\n
\n- Alumina blocks (Celay In-Ceram)<\/li>\n
- MgAl 2O4 blocks (In-Ceram spinel).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Metal-Ceramic Restorations<\/h2>\n
Synonyms Porcelain-fused-to-metal (PFM), metal-bonded restorations, ceramic metal, etc.<\/p>\n
The early porcelain jacket crowns (PJC) did not use reinforcing cores and were therefore weak.<\/p>\n
\n- The metal-ceramic restorations were developed around the same time Mclean introduced the aluminous core porcelains (1965).<\/li>\n
- The cast metal core (called coping) or framework significantly strengthened the porcelain restoration and this soon became the most widely used ceramic restoration.<\/li>\n
- According to a 1994 survey, 90% of all ceramic restorations were porcelain-fused-to-metal. The metal-ceramic systems are covered by ISO 9693.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
The metal-ceramic system was possible because of some important developments.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Development of metal and porcelain that could bond to each other<\/li>\n
- Raising of the CTE of the ceramic in order to make it more compatible to that of the metal.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
This obviously meant that a lot of research had to go into both porcelain and metal composition before they could be used for metal ceramics.
\n
\n<\/p>\n
Types Of Metal-Ceramic Systems<\/h2>\n
As previously mentioned the metal-ceramic systems can be divided into<\/p>\n
\n- Cast metal-ceramic restorations<\/strong>\n
\n- Cast noble metal alloys (feldspathic porcelain)<\/li>\n
- Cast base metal alloys (feldspathic porcelain)<\/li>\n
- Cast titanium (ultra-low fusing porcelain).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Swaged metal-ceramic restorations<\/strong>\n
\n- Capillary cast [sintered gold alloy foil (Renaissance, Captek)]<\/li>\n
- Bonded platinum foil coping.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
Cast Metal-Ceramic Restorations<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- The cast metal-ceramic restoration is hugely popular. Because of the strong metal frame, it is possible to make long-span fixed partial dentures.<\/li>\n
- It can also be used in difficult situations where an all-ceramic restoration cannot be given because of high stresses and reduced preparation depth.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Cast Metal Uses<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Single anterior and posterior crowns.<\/li>\n
- Short and long span anterior and posterior FDPs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Composition Of Ceramic For Metal Bonding<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Feldspathic porcelains are used for metal bonding.<\/li>\n
- The basic composition is quite similar to that of feldspathic porcelain described earlier except for the higher alkali content (soda and potash).<\/li>\n
- The higher alkali content was necessary in order to raise the CTE.<\/li>\n
- Unfortunately, this also increased the tendency of the ceramic to devitrify and appear cloudy. A typical composition is shown in.<\/li>\n
- Special opaque porcelain is needed to mask the underlying metal so that it does not show through the ceramic.<\/li>\n
- The opaquer has a high content of opacifiers. Similarly, the composition of glazes would be different. Glazes have a higher concentration of glass modifiers like soda, potash, and boric oxide.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Cast Metal Supplied As<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Enamel porcelain powders in various shades (in bottles)<\/li>\n
- Dentin porcelain powders in various shades (in bottles)<\/li>\n
- Liquid for mixing enamel, dentin, gingival and transparent<\/li>\n
- Opaquer powders in various shades\/ and liquids for mixing<\/li>\n
- Gingival porcelain powder in various shades<\/li>\n
- Transparent porcelain powder<\/li>\n
- A variety of stain (color) powders<\/li>\n
- Glaze powder<\/li>\n
- Special liquid for mixing stains and glaze<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Manipulation And Technical Considerations Construction Of The Cast Metal Coping Or Framework <\/strong>A wax pattern of the restoration is constructed and cast in metal. Metals used for the frame or coping include noble metal alloys, base metal alloys, and recently titanium (see chapter on casting alloys and casting procedures).
\n<\/p>\nMetal Preparation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- A clean metal surface is essential for good bonding. Oil and other impurities from the fingers can contaminate.<\/li>\n
- The surface is filled with ceramic bonded stones or sintered diamonds.<\/li>\n
- Final texturing is done by sandblasting with an alumina air abrasive, which aids in bonding.<\/li>\n
- Finally, it is cleaned ultrasonically, washed, and dried.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Degassing And Oxidizing<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- The casting (gold porcelain systems) is heated to a high temperature (980\u00b0C) to burn of the impurities and to form an oxide layer which helps in the bonding.<\/li>\n
- Degassing is done in the porcelain furnace.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Opaquer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- The opaquer is a dense yellowish-white powder supplied along with a special liquid. The opaquer has two important functions.<\/li>\n
- It is used to cover (mask) the metal frame and prevent it from being visible. It also aids in bonding the veneering porcelains to the underlying frame.<\/li>\n
- The metal framework is held with a pair of locking forceps. Opaquer powder is dispensed onto a ceramic palette and mixed with the special liquid to a paste-like consistency.<\/li>\n
- It is applied onto the metal frame with a brush and condensed. The excess liquid is blotted with tissue paper.<\/li>\n
- The opaquer is built up to a thickness of 0.2 mm. The casting with the opaquer is placed in a porcelain furnace and fired at the appropriate temperature.<\/li>\n
- Opaquer may be completed in two steps.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
Condensation <\/strong>The process of packing the powder particles together and removing the excess water is known as condensation.<\/p>\nPurpose <\/strong>Proper condensation packs the particles together. This helps minimize porosity, improve strength, and reduce firing shrinkage. It also helps remove the excess water.<\/p>\nCondensation techniques<\/strong><\/p>\nVibration<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Mild vibration by tapping or running a serrated instrument on the forceps holding the metal frame helps to pack the particles together and bring out the excess water which is then blotted by an absorbent paper.<\/li>\n
- An ultrasonic vibrator is also available for this purpose.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
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<\/p>\n
Firing of porcelains<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- The process of sintering and fusing the particles of the condensed mass is known as filing. The powder particles flow and fuse together during firing.<\/li>\n
- Making the restoration dense and strong. Firing is done in a porcelain furnace.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
The Porcelain Furnace<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Firing is carried out in a porcelain furnace. There are many companies which manufacture furnaces.<\/li>\n
- Modern furnaces are computer-controlled and have built-in programs to control the firing cycle. The programs can also be modified by the operator.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Firing Cycle<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- The entire program of preheating, firing, subjecting to vacuum, subjecting to increased pressure, holding, and controlled cooling is known as a firing cycle.<\/li>\n
- The firing cycles vary depending on the stage – opaquer filing, dentin firing, glaze firing, etc.<\/li>\n
- The firing temperature is lowered gradually for each subsequent firing cycle.<\/li>\n
- The opaquer has the highest temperature and the glaze has the lowest.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Preheating<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- The condensed mass should not be placed directly into the hot furnace. This can cause a rapid formation of steam which can break up the mass.<\/li>\n
- Modern furnaces have a mechanism whereby the work is gradually raised into the furnace. This is known as preheating.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Vacuum Firing<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- During the filling of the porcelain, a vacuum (negative pressure) is created in the furnace. This helps to reduce the porosity in the ceramic.<\/li>\n
- The vacuum is later released raising the pressure in the furnace. The increased pressure helps to further reduce the size of any residual air bubbles not eliminated by the vacuum.<\/li>\n
- The vacuum is not activated during the glaze firing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Cooling<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- The cooling of the fired porcelain should be well controlled. Rapid cooling can cause the porcelain to crack or it can induce stresses inside which weaken the porcelain.<\/li>\n
- Cooling is done slowly and uniformly and is usually computer-controlled.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Spatulation\u00a0 <\/strong>A small spatula is used to apply and smoothen the wet porcelain. This helps to bring out the excess water.<\/p>\nDry powder <\/strong>Dry powder is placed on the side opposite a wet increment. The water moves towards the dry powder pulling the wet particles together.<\/p>\nDentin And Enamel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- The dentin powder (pink powder) is mixed with distilled water or the supplied liquid.<\/li>\n
- A glass spatula should be used (ceramic powder is abrasive and can abrade the metal and contaminate the porcelain).<\/li>\n
- The bulk of the tooth is built up with dentin. A portion of the dentin in the incisal area is cut back and enamel porcelain (white powder) can be added building the restoration.<\/li>\n
- After the build-up and condensation is over, it is returned to the furnace for sintering.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Additions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- It is not necessary to build up the restoration in one step.<\/li>\n
- Large or difficult restorations may be built up and fired in two or more stages.<\/li>\n
- After each firing the porcelain may be shaped by grinding and additional porcelain is placed in deficient areas.<\/li>\n
- Each additional firing is done at a lower temperature.<\/li>\n
- Caution The restoration should not be subject to too many filings. Excessive filings can give rise to an over-translucent, lifeless restoration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Gingival And Transparent Porcelain<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- The enamel of some natural teeth may appear transparent.<\/li>\n
- This is usually seen near the incisal edges. If present it can be duplicated using transparent porcelain.<\/li>\n
- The cervical portions of natural teeth may appear darker (for example more yellow) than the rest of the tooth.<\/li>\n
- When indicated cervical porcelains are used to duplicate this effect (they are also referred to as gingival or neck dentin).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Surface Staining, Characterization, And Effects<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Natural teeth come in a variety of hues and colors.<\/li>\n
- Some of them are present at the time of eruption (intrinsic, for example, white fluorosis stains), while others are acquired over a period of time, etc.).<\/li>\n
- Staining and characterization help make the restoration look natural and help it blend in with the adjacent teeth.<\/li>\n
- The stain powders are mixed with a special liquid, applied, and blended with a brush.<\/li>\n
- With more and more emphasis on recreating the natural look, effects are created using special techniques.<\/li>\n
- This includes defects, cracks, or other anomalies within the enamel.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Glazing<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Before final glazing, the restoration is tried in the mouth by the dentist. The occlusion is checked and adjusted by grinding.<\/li>\n
- Final alterations can be made to improve the shape of the restoration.<\/li>\n
- After all changes have been completed the restoration is ready for glazing. The restoration is smoothened with a fine stone prior to glazing to remove gross scratch marks.<\/li>\n
- Glazing provides a smooth glossy surface for restoration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Objectives of glazing<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Glazing enhances esthetics.<\/li>\n
- Enhances hygiene.<\/li>\n
- Improves strength.<\/li>\n
- Glazed porcelain is much stronger than unglazed ceramic.<\/li>\n
- The glaze inhibits crack propagation.<\/li>\n
- Reduces the wear of opposing teeth. The rough surface on unglazed porcelain can accelerate the wear of the opposing natural teeth.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Glazing versus conventional polishing<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Porcelain can be polished using special abrasives. Porcelain is an extremely hard material and is quite difficult to polish.<\/li>\n
- Glazing is considered by some to be superior to conventional polishing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Glazing Types<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Overglaze The glaze powder is mixed with the special liquid and applied to the restoration.<\/li>\n
- The filling temperature is lower than that of the body porcelain.<\/li>\n
- The firing cycle does not usually include a vacuum.<\/li>\n
- The chemical durability of overglaze is lower because of the high flux content.<\/li>\n
- Self-glaze A separate glaze layer is not applied.<\/li>\n
- Instead, the restoration is subject to controlled heating at its fusion temperature.<\/li>\n
- This causes only the surface layer to melt and flow to form a vitreous layer resembling a glaze.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Porcelain-Metal Bond<\/h2>\n
Falls into two groups<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Chemical bonding across the porcelain-metal interface.<\/li>\n
- Mechanical interlocking between porcelain and metal.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Porcelain-Metal Bond Chemical Bonding<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Currently regarded as the primary bonding mechanism.<\/li>\n
- An adherent oxide layer is essential for good bonding. In base metal alloys, chromic oxide is responsible for the bond.<\/li>\n
- In noble metal alloys, indium, tin oxide, and possibly iridium oxide do this role.<\/li>\n
- Both inadequate oxide formation and excessive oxide build-up can lead to a weak bond resulting in the delamination of the overlying porcelain.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
Porcelain-Metal Bond Mechanical Interlocking<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- In some systems, mechanical interlocking provides the principal bond.<\/li>\n
- Sandblasting is often used to prepare the metal surface.<\/li>\n
- The presence of surface roughness on the metal oxide surface improves retention, especially if undercuts are present.<\/li>\n
- Wettability is important for bonding.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Metal-Ceramic Restorations<\/strong><\/p>\nAdvantages<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Better fracture resistance because of the metal reinforcement.<\/li>\n
- Better marginal fit because of the metal frame.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Disadvantages<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Poor esthetics when compared to all-ceramic restorations because the underlying metal and opaque reduce the overall translucency of the tooth.<\/li>\n
- The metal frame and the lack of translucency sometimes show through the gingiva resulting in the characteristic dark margins.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Other Metal-Ceramic Systems Capillary Cast (Sintered Gold Alloy Foil-Ceramic) Restorations<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Adapting and sintering gold alloy foils (Renaissance and Captek) is a novel way of making a metal frame without having to cast it.<\/li>\n
- The system was developed by Shoher and Whiteman and introduced to the dental community in 1993. Captek is an acronym for \u2018capillary casting technique\u2019.<\/li>\n
- The technique is used to make crowns and field prostheses using proprietary materials and techniques. (Refer chapter on \u2018casting procedures\u2019 for additional information).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Composition, mode of supply, and capillary casting<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- They are supplied as thin strips in two forms called Captek P and Captek G. Captek P (Platinum\/ Palladium\/ Gold) has a porous structure and serves as the internal reinforcing skeleton.<\/li>\n
- Captek G is 97.5% Gold and 2.5% Silver. On heating in a furnace, the Captek P acts like a metal sponge and draws in (capillary action) the hot liquid gold completely into it.<\/li>\n
- Captek G provides the characteristic gold color of this system. The first coping can be described as a composite structure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Capillary Cast\u00a0 Technique<\/h2>\n
The technique for fabrication is described in the chapter \u2018Casting procedures\u2019.<\/p>\n
Capillary Cast\u00a0 Advantages<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- The thinner foil alloy coping allows a greater thickness of ceramic, thereby, improving the esthetics.<\/li>\n
- The gold color of the alloy improves the aesthetics of the restoration.<\/li>\n
- Less reduction of tooth structure.<\/li>\n
- The nonesthetic high-intensity high-value opaquer layer seen with conventional metal ceramics is eliminated.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Bonded Platinum Foil\u2014Ceramic Crowns<\/h2>\n\n- A platinum foil coping is adapted onto the die.<\/li>\n
- To improve the bonding of the ceramic to the platinum foil coping, an electrodeposition technique is used.<\/li>\n
- A thin layer of tin is electrodeposited onto the foil and then oxidized in a furnace.<\/li>\n
- The advantages of using bonded platinum foil are similar to that of swaged gold alloy foil.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
The electrodeposition technique<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- This is a technique used to improve both esthetics and bonding. A layer of pure gold is electrodeposited onto the metal.<\/li>\n
- This is followed by a quick minimal deposition of tin over the gold.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Bonded Platinum Foil Advantages<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- The gold color enhances the vitality of the porcelain, thereby, enhancing esthetics (the normal technique requires a heavy unesthetic opaque layer to cover the dark metal oxide surface).<\/li>\n
- The tin helps in chemical bonding (through the formation of tin oxide).<\/li>\n
- Improves wetting at the gold-porcelain interface thereby reducing porosity.<\/li>\n
- The electrodeposition technique can be used on metals, such as stainless steel, cobalt chromium, titanium, and other non-gold and low-gold alloys.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
All-Ceramic Restorations<\/h2>\n
The all-ceramic restorations are made without a metallic core or sub-structure. This makes them esthetically superior to metal-ceramic restoration. Unfortunately, all-ceramic restorations had lower strength, thus, metal-ceramics continued to be the restoration of choice for the majority of restorations till the 1990s.<\/p>\n
\n- Continued research has led to improved all-ceramic systems with greater strength and fracture resistance.<\/li>\n
- Manufacturers today claim the new generation all-ceramic materials are capable of producing not only single crowns but anterior and even posterior all-ceramic FDPs as well.<\/li>\n
- Long-span FDPs have also been attempted.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
The all-ceramic restorations are grouped according to their type and method of fabrication<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Condensed sintered<\/strong>\n
\n- Traditional feldspathic porcelain jacket crown<\/li>\n
- Porcelain jacket crown with aluminous core (Hi-Ceram)<\/li>\n
- Ceramic jacket crown with leucite-reinforced core (Optec HSP).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Cast glass ceramics (Dicor).<\/strong><\/li>\n
- Injection molded (leucite reinforced) glass ceramic (IPS Empress).<\/strong><\/li>\n
- Slip-cast glass infiltrated ceramics<\/strong>\n
\n- Glass infiltrated aluminous core restorations (In-Ceram)<\/li>\n
- Glass infiltrated spinal core restorations (In-Ceram Spinell)<\/li>\n
- Glass infiltrated the zirconia core (In-Ceram Zirconia).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Milled ceramic restoration or cores<\/strong>\n
\n- CAD\/CAM restorations<\/li>\n
- Copy milled restorations<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
(Blocks or blanks of various ceramics are machined to form the restoration. Examples are alumina, zirconia, lithia disilicate, etc. The various types are detailed in a subsequent section – see classification of machinable ceramics).<\/p>\n
Porcelain Jacket Crown<\/h2>\n
These are crowns made entirely of feldspathic porcelain. They are constructed on a platinum foil matrix which is subsequently removed.<\/p>\n
Porcelain Jacket Crown Types<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Porcelain jacket crown (traditional).<\/li>\n
- Porcelain jacket crown with an aluminous core.<\/li>\n
- Porcelain jacket crown with leucite-reinforced core (Optek HSP).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Note<\/strong> The above two are generally referred to as \u2018porcelain jacket crowns\u2019 or PJCs. The subsequently introduced ceramics are referred to as \u2018ceramic jacket crowns CJCs\u2019and \u2018glass ceramic crowns\u2019.<\/p>\nTraditional Porcelain Jacket Crown<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- The all-porcelain crown (PJC) has been around for a century (the early 1900s).<\/li>\n
- These early crowns are also referred to as traditional or conventional PJCs.<\/li>\n
- They were made from conventional high-fusing feldspathic porcelains.<\/li>\n
- As mentioned before these were very brittle and fractured easily (half-moon fractures).<\/li>\n
- The marginal adaptation was also quite poor. Because of these problems they gradually lost popularity and are no longer used presently.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Porcelain Jacket Crown With Aluminous Core<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- The problems associated with traditional PJCs led to the development of the PJC with an alumina-reinforced core (McLean and Hughes, 1965).<\/li>\n
- The increased content of alumina crystals (40 to 50%) in the core strengthened the porcelain by interrupting of crack propagation.<\/li>\n
- In spite of the increased strength they were still brittle and therefore not indicated for posterior teeth and their use was restricted to anterior teeth.<\/li>\n
- The composition of the alumina-reinforced PJC is shown in Table.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
Technical considerations <\/strong>The porcelain jacket crowns are made using the platinum foil matrix technique.<\/p>\nPlatinum foil matrix <\/strong><\/p>\n\n- A platinum foil is adapted to the die with a wooden point.<\/li>\n
- The platinum foil functions as a matrix. It supports the porcelain during condensation and filing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Condensation and filing<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- The core porcelain is carefully condensed onto the foil. The foil with the condensed porcelain is carefully removed from the die.<\/li>\n
- It is then placed in the furnace and fired. After cooling, the rest of the crown is built up with conventional feldspathic porcelain.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Removing the foil <\/strong>After completion of the restoration, the platinum foil is gently teased out and discarded. This can be quite difficult.<\/p>\nLeucite Reinforced Porcelain<\/h2>\n
Optec HSP is a feldspathic porcelain with a higher leucite crystal content (leucite reinforced). Its manipulation, condensation, and firing is quite similar to the alumina-reinforced porcelain jacket crowns (using a platinum foil matrix).<\/p>\n
Leucite Reinforced Porcelain Uses <\/strong>Inlays, onlays, veneers, and low-stress crowns.<\/p>\nLeucite Reinforced Porcelain Advantages<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- They are more esthetic because the core is less opaque (more translucent) when compared to aluminous porcelain.<\/li>\n
- Higher strength.<\/li>\n
- No need for special laboratory equipment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Leucite Reinforced Porcelain Disadvantages<\/strong><\/p>\n