Understanding Drug Reactions: Types, Causes, and Complications

Understanding Drug Reactions: Types, Causes, and Complications

Question. Mention complications of drug reaction.

Answer. The term adverse drug reaction has been defied as any noxious which is suspected to be due to a drug occur at doses normally used require treatment or decrease in dose or indicating caution in future use of same drug.

“Factors influencing success with drug reaction knowledge: Q&A”

Adverse effct of drug have been classifid as:

Predictable reaction: These are related to the pharmacological effct of a drug. They include:

1. Side effects: These are unwanted but often unavoidable pharmacodynamic effect that occurs at therapeutic doses.

• A side effect may be based on the same action of the drug, for example, dryness of the mouth with atropine.
• A side effct may be based on a diffrent facet of action, for example estrogen causes nausea.
• An effct may be therapeutic in one contact but side effect in another contact, for example, codeine used for cough, produces constipation as a side effct.

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2. Secondary effect: These are indirect consequences of a primary action of a drug, for example, suppression of bacterial flora by tetracyclines can result in superinfection.

• Toxic effects: These effects are a result due to over dosage or prolonged use of drugs, for example, a comma caused by barbiturates, complete AV block by digoxin.
• Drug habituation and dependence: Drugs capable of altering the moods and feelings are liable to repetitive use to derive a feeling of euphoria to escape from reality, social adjustment, etc.
• Drug withdrawal reaction: Sudden withdrawal or stoppage of certain drugs can result in a type of adverse reaction, e.g., withdrawal of beta
  Blockers can precipitate an effect of myocardial infarction.
• Withdrawal of phenytoin can precipitate status epilepticus.
• Teratogenic effect: This refers to the ability of a drug to cause congenital abnormalities in the fetus when given during pregnancy, e.g., cleft palate following the use of corticosteroids.
• Drug-induced disease or iatrogenic diseases: When certain drugs are used chronologically, they can produce disease, e.g., chronic use of aspirin can lead to the production of peptic ulcers.

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3. Unpredictable reactions: These are based on the peculiarities of the patient and not on the drug action.

• Drug allergy: It is an immunologically mediated reaction producing stereotypical symptoms which are unrelated to the effect of the drug or its doses, e.g., anaphylactic reactions resulting in urticaria, itching, angioedema, and asthma.
• Photosensitivity: It is a cutaneous reaction, resulting from drug­induced sensitization of the skin to UV radiation. Drugs that cause such reactions are demeclocycline and chloroquine.
• Idiosyncrasy: It is generally determined as abnormal reactivity to a chemical.
  Certain adverse effects of some drugs are restricted to individuals with a particular genotype, e.g. barbiturates cause excitement and mental confusion in some people.