The Micturition Reflex: How Your Bladder Knows When to Empty

The Micturition Reflex: How Your Bladder Knows When to Empty

Question 1. Juxtaglomerular apparatus.
Answer:

Definition:

• It is as specialized organ situated near the glomerulus of each nephron of both the kidneys.

Structure:

• It is made up of.
  1. Macula densa.
  2. Extraglomerular mesengial cells.
  3. Juxtaglomerular cells.

Functions:

• Secretes hormonal substances
• Regulates glomerular blood flow
• Regulates GFR.

Question 2. Glomerular filtration rate.
Answer:

Definition:

• Glomerular filtration rate is the total quantity of filtrate formed in all the nephrons of both the kidneys in the given unit of time.

Value:

• 125 ml per min.
• About 170180 litres/day.

Question 3. Micturition reflex.
Answer:

Question 4. Composition of urine.
Answer:

• Urine consists of
  1. Water about 10001500 ml/day.
  2. Solids.

Question 5. Ketone bodies.
Answer:

• The metabolism of fats is greatly increased in starvation and severe diabetes mellitus.
• This leads to increased production of ketone bodies.

Conditions:

1. Ketonemia Increased blood level of ketone bodies.
2. Ketonuria Increased urinary excretion of ketone bodies.