The Basics Of HIV Prevention

The Basics Of HIV Prevention

Question 1. Write A Short Note On Preventive Measures For Aids.
Answer:

Practice safer sex: This includes using a condom unless you are in a relationship with one partner who does not have HIV or other sex partners:

• Never share intravenous (IV) needles, syringes, cotton, cocaine spoons, or eyedroppers with others if you use drugs.
• Do not donate blood, plasma, semen, body organs, or body tissues.
• Do not share personal items, such as toothbrushes, razors, or sex toys, that may be contaminated with blood, semen, or vaginal fluids.
• The risk of a woman spreading HIV to her baby can be greatly reduced if she is on medicine that reduces the amount of virus in her blood to undetectable
  levels during pregnancy; continues treatment during pregnancy; does not breastfeed her baby.
• Healthcare workers should take universal precautions while treating HIV-positive patients.

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Question 2. Write in short about hypersensitivity.
Or
Write a brief on hypersensitivity reactions.
Or
Describeinbriefaboutdiffrenttypeofhypersensitivity reactions.
Or
Write a short note on hypersensitivity reactions.
Answer:

Hypersensitivity refers to a condition in which the immune response results in excessive reactions which leads to tissue damage, disease, or even death in the sensitized host.

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Classification of Hypersensitivity Reactions

Hypersensitivity reactions are classified into four major types by Coomb & Gel (1963).

• Type 1: Hypersensitivity
• Type 2: Cytotoxic
• Type 3: Immune complex
• Type 4: Delayed or cell-mediated
• Type 1, 2, and 3 depend on the interaction of antigen with humoral antibodies and are known as immediate type reactions while Type 4 is mediated by T-lymphocytes and is known as delayed hypersensitivity.

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Later on, Type 5 hypersensitivity reaction was also described, i.e. stimulatory type.

Type 5: Stimulatory Type

It is the modification of the Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction. Antibodies react with antigens over the cell surface which causes cell proliferation and differentiation in place of killing or inhibition. Antigen–antibody reaction enhances the activity of affected cells.