Signs Of Kidney Problems In Urine: Glucose, Proteins, And Ketone Bodies

Signs Of Kidney Problems In Urine: Glucose, Proteins, And Ketone Bodies

Question 1. Enumerate factors affecting GFR. Give its normal value.
Answer:

Factors affecting GFR:

• Age
• Change in renal blood flow
• Changes in hydrostatic pressure
• Changes in concentration of plasma proteins
• Colloidal osmotic pressure
• Capillary pressure
• Systolic arterial pressure
• Tubuloglomerular feedback
• Size of capillary bed
• Afferent and efferent arteriolar contraction
• Contraction of glomerular mesengial cells Hormones

Value:

• 125 ml per min
• About 170180 litres/day

Question 2. State the normal and abnormal constituents of urine.
Answer:

Normal constituents:

1. Water10001500 ml/day
2. Solids

Abnormal constituents:

• Proteins
• Glucose
• Ketone bodies
• Bilirubin
• Blood
• Porphyrins
• Amino acids

Question 3. Mention two functions of skin.
Answer:

• Protective function.
  • Protects against bacteria, toxins, injury, mechanical blow and ultraviolet rays.
• Sensory function
  • Skin has nerve endings forming cutaneous receptors
• Regulation of body temperature
  • Body temperature is regulated by radiation conduction, convection and evaporation through skin.