Pneumococcus Question And Answers

Pneumococcus

Question 1. Write a short note on the identification of pneumococci
Answer:

Identification of pneumococci

• It is gram-positive capsulated diplococci.
• It is usually 1 µ in diameter.
• Pneumococci are arranged in pairs, its broad ends are in opposition.
• It is flame shaped with elongated one broad end and the other end is pointed.
• It is non-motile and is non-sporing.
• The demonstration of the capsule is done by negative stain and quelling reaction.
  • Negative stain, i.e. India ink: Capsule is seen as a clear halo around the bacteria.
    • Quellung reaction: In this, capsule is seen as a refractile halo after mixing with the homologous type of specific antibody. Antibody gets combined by capsular polysaccharides.

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Question 2. Write a short note on gram-positive cocci.
Answer:

Gram-positive cocci are those that resist decolorization and retain primary stain-appearing violet.

Gram-positive cocci are:

1. Streptococci
2. Staphylococci
3. Pneumococci
4. Micrococcus
5. Sarcinococcus.

1. Streptococci: They are gram-positive and are arranged in chains.

• They are non-motile and non sporing.
• The chain formation is due to cocci dividing in one plane.
• Streptococci are aerobic and facultative anaerobes.

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2. Staphylococci: They are important human pathogens that produce pyogenic infections. Spherical cocci are arranged characteristically in grapes like cluster. Staphylococcus are non-motile and nonsporing. A few strains possess visible capsules, else they are non-capsulated. Stain readily with aniline dyes, and are uniformly gram-positive.

3. Pneumococci: They are also responsible for non-suppurative lesion, acute rheumatic fever, and glomerulonephritis.

• They are gram-positive lanceolate diplococi.
• It is typically small, and slightly elongated with one end broad and other end is pointed (flame-shaped)
• It occurs in pairs, and capsulated.
• It is non-motile and non-sporing.
• In Indian pink preparation, the capsule appears as a clear halo.

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4. Micrococcus: They are gram-positive cocci that occur mostly in pairs, tetrads or irregular clusters.

• They are catalase and oxidase positive.
• They are aerobic.
• In cultures, they form smaller colonies.
• They are parasitic on mammalian skin.

5. Sarcinococcus: It is similar to micrococcus except that it forms of eight.

• Some of them are motile.
• It is mostly non-pathogenic.

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Question 3. Write a short note on the morphology of gram-positive bacteria.
Answer:

Gram-positive cocci are those that resist decolorization and retain primary stain-appearing violet.

Gram-positive cocci are:

1. Streptococci
2. Staphylococci
3. Pneumococci
4. Micrococcus
5. Sarcinococcus.

1. Streptococci: They are gram-positive and are arranged in chains.

• They are non-motile and non sporing.
• The chain formation is due to cocci dividing in one plane.
• Streptococci are aerobic and facultative anaerobes.

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2. Staphylococci: They are important human pathogens that produce pyogenic infections. Spherical cocci are arranged characteristically in grapes like cluster. Staphylococcus are non-motile and nonsporing. A few strains possess visible capsules, else they are non-capsulated. Stain readily with aniline dyes, and are uniformly gram-positive.

3. Pneumococci: They are also responsible for non-suppurative lesion, acute rheumatic fever, and glomerulonephritis.

• They are gram-positive lanceolate diplococi.
• It is typically small, and slightly elongated with one end broad and other end is pointed (flame-shaped)
• It occurs in pairs, and capsulated.
• It is non-motile and non-sporing.
• In Indian pink preparation, the capsule appears as a clear halo.

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4. Micrococcus: They are gram-positive cocci that occur mostly in pairs, tetrads or irregular clusters.

• They are catalase and oxidase positive.
• They are aerobic.
• In cultures, they form smaller colonies.
• They are parasitic on mammalian skin.

5. Sarcinococcus: It is similar to micrococcus except that it forms of eight.

• Some of them are motile.
• It is mostly non-pathogenic.