Heart Murmurs – Symptoms & Causes

Heart Murmurs – Symptoms & Causes

Question 1. Cardiac murmur.
Answer:

Abnormal heart sounds are called cardiac murmurs:

• They are produced during valvular diseases and septal defects.

Types:

1. Systolic murmur.

• Produced during systole of heart.

2. Diastolic murmur.

• Produced during diastole of heart.

3. Continuous murmur.

• It is produced continuously.

“Understanding heart murmurs through FAQs: Symptoms, causes, and treatments explained”

Question 2. ECG leads:
Answer:

• To record ECG, the surface of the body is connected to the ECG machine by means of two electrodes called ECG leads.

Types:

1. Bipolar leads:

• Two limbs are connected to obtain these leads and both the electrodes are active.
• It subtypes are:
  1. Limb lead I
  2. Limb lead II
  3. Limb lead III

2. Unipolar leads:

• In it, one electrode is active and other is an indifferent electrodes.
• It is subtypes are:
  1. Unipolar limb leads.
  2. Unipolar chest leads.

“Importance of studying heart murmurs for medical students: Questions explained”

Question 3. Arrhythmia.
Answer:

Arrhythmia refers to disturbance to heart rhythm or irregular heart beat.

Types:

1. Normotopic arrhythmia:

• Here, SA nodes is pacemaker.

Subtypes:

1. Sinus arrhythmia.
   • Increase in heart rate during inspiration and decrease during expiration is called sinus arrhythmia.
2. Sinus tachycardia.
   • Increase in the discharge of impulse from SA node is called sinus tachycardia.
3. Sinus bradycardia.
   • Reduction in the discharge of impulse from SA node is called sinus bradycardia.

2. Ectopic arrhythmia:

• In it, the structure of heart other than SA node is the pacemaker.

Subtypes:

1. Hemotopic arrhythmia in which impulses arise from any part of conductive system.
2. Heterotopic arrhythmia in which impulses arise from musculature of heart.

“Common challenges in mastering heart murmur notes effectively: FAQs provided”

Question 4. Heart block.
Answer:

• It refers to the blockage of impulses generated by SA nodes.

Types:

1. Sinoatrial block:

• When the impulses from SA node are not transmitted to AV node, it is called sinoatrial block.

2. Atrioventricular block:

• In it impulses are not transmitted from atria to ventricles.

“Factors influencing success with heart murmur studies: Q&A”

Question 5. Atrial flutter.
Answer:

• It is an atrial arrhythmia associated with atrial paroxysmal tachycardia.
• During atrial flutter, both the atria beat rapidly like the wings of bird.
• The atrial rate is about 250-350/minute.
• Second degree of heart block occurs during atrial flutter.
• The maximum conduction rate by AV node increases to 230-240 impulse/min.