Enamel Hypoplasia: Causes, Types, and Associated Dental Anomalies

Enamel Hypoplasia: Causes, Types, and Associated Dental Anomalies

Question. Enumerate the developmental anomalies associated with the teeth. Describe factors associated with acquired enamel hypoplasia.

Answer.Anomalies Affecting Hard Tissues of Oral Cavity

The anomalies which affect the hard tissues of oral cavity are:

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• Amelogenesis imperfecta or hereditary enamel dysplasia or hereditary brown enamel or hereditary opalescent teeth.
• Environmental enamel hypoplasia
• Dentinogenesis imperfecta
• Dentin dysplasia.
• Regional odontodysplasia or odontodysplasia or odontogenic dysplasia, odontogenesis imperfecta or ghost teeth
• Dentin hypocalcifiation

“Understanding the role of enamel hypoplasia in dental health: Q&A explained”

Factors associated with acquired enamel hypoplasia

There are two types of factors which are associated with
acquired enamel hypoplasia:

1. Local factor
2. Environmental/systemic factor
1. Local factors: The local factors are infection, trauma, radiotherapy and idiopathic factors.

• When local infection or trauma causes damage to ameloblasts cells during odontogenesis, it may result in defect in enamel formation in isolated permanent tooth and this is known as focal enamel hypoplasia.
  The focal enamel hypoplasia is caused due to periapical spread of infection from a carious deciduous tooth or trauma to the deciduous tooth, the tooth affected in this process is commonly known as turner’s tooth.

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2. Environmental or systemic factors: The systemic or environmental disturbances in the functioning of ameloblasts at specifi period of time during odontogenesis often manifest as horizontal line of small pits or grooves or enamel surfaces. This line on tooth surface indicates zone of enamel hypoplasia and corresponds to time of development and duration of insult. The factors in following stages:

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• Prenatal period: The prenatal infections are rubella,syphilis.
  • There is presence of internal disease
  • There are excess floride ions
• Neonatal period: During this period enamel hypoplasia is caused due to:
  • Hemolytic disease of newborn
  • Birth injury
  • Premature delivery
  • Prolong labor
  • Low birth weight

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• Postnatal period: During this period enamel hypoplasia is due to:
  • Sever childhood infection.
  • Prolong fever due to infectious disease in childhood
  • Nutritional deficiency
  • Hypocalcaemia
  • Rickets
  • Celiac disease.