Dental Implant Classification: Materials, Design, And Biological Response

Dental Implant Classification: Materials, Design, And Biological Response

Write a short note on the classification of dental implants.
Or
Write a short note on the type of implants.
Answer:

Classifiation of Implants:

1. Based on the Materials Used:

• Metals and alloys: It consists of titanium and its alloys, stainless steel, cobalt-chromium, and molybdenum
• Ceramics and carbon implants: Made of carbon with stainless steel
• Polymers and composites: Polymethylmethacrylate and polytetrafluoroethylene.

2.  Based on Biological Response:

• Biotolerant: Such materials are not easily rejected when implanted in living tissue and are surrounded by a fibrous layer in the form of a capsule. For example,
  • Metals such as gold, cobalt–chromium alloy, stainless Steel, zirconium, niobium
  • Polymers like polyethylene, polyamide, Polymethylmethacrylate,
• Bioinert: These materials allow close apposition of bone over their surface causing contact osteogenesis. Examples are:
  • Metals such as commercially pure titanium and titanium alloy
  • Ceramics like aluminum oxide and zirconium oxide
• Bioactive: These materials allow the formation of bone onto their surface, but the exchange of ions along with host tissue causes the formation of the chemical bond at the interface. ,
• Examples are: Ceramics like HA, tricalcium phosphate, bioglass, fluorapatite, and carbon–silicon.

3. Based on Histology:

• Osseointegrated
• Non-osseointegrated.

4. Based on the Design of the Implant:

• Endosteal implants: They are placed in the alveolar or basal bone of the maxilla and mandible and they transect only one cortical plate, For example,  Blade implants and ramus frame implants.
• Subperiosteal implant: It consists of an implant substructure which is a custom-cast frame placed directly over the bony cortex just below the periosteum.
• Transosteal implant: It penetrates both cortical plates, For example, the Transmandibular implant, and mandibular staple implant.
  

5. Based on Macroscopic Design:

• Threaded or threadless
• Cylindrical or conical
• Hollow or solid

6. Based on surface treatment:

• Titanium plasma-sprayed
• Aluminum oxide coated
• Hydroxyapatite coated
• Machined
• Blasted or etched with biomaterials
• Electropolished.