Mitochondria and Cell Types Explained: Structure, Function, and Key Differences

Mitochondria and Cell Types Explained: Structure, Function, and Key Differences

Question 1. Structure and function of mitochondria.
Answer.

Structure of Mitochondria:

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• Mitochondria are rod-like or filamentous bodies, with dimensions of 1 * 3 microns
• About 2000 mitochondria, occupying one-fifth of the total cell volume, are present in a typical cell.
• The mitochondrion consists of 5 distinct parts
  • The outer membrane
  • The inner membrane
  • The intermembrane space
  • The cristae
  • The matrix

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• The mitochondria are composed of a double membrane system
• The outer membrane is smooth and completely envelops the organelle
• The inner membrane is impermeable to ions and small molecules

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• The inner membrane is highly folded to form cristae, which greatly increase its surface area.
• The interior ground substance is called the mitochondrial matrix
• The mitochondrial matrix contains a circular double-stranded DNA (mtDNA), RNA, and ribosomes.

Functions Of Mitochondria:

• The mitochondria are the centers for metabolic oxidative reactions and are regarded as the powerhouse of the cell.
• Mitochondria are the centers for cellular respiration and energy metabolism
• The ETC and ATP synthesizing system are located on the inner mitochondrial membrane
• The inner surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane has specialized particles (that look like lollipops), the phosphorylating subunits, which are the centers for ATP production
• The matrix also participates in the synthesis of haeme and urea
• Mitochondria are the principal producers of ATP in aerobic cells
• ATP, the energy currency, generated in the mitochondria, is exported to all parts of the cell to provide energy for cellular work.

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Question 2. Difference between a prokaryote and an eukaryote cell.
Answer.

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