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Electrophilic Reactions In the preceding chapters we have seen how new bonds may be formed between nucleophilic reagents and various substrates that have electrophilic centres, the latter typically arising as a result of uneven electron distribution in the molecule. The nucleophile was considered to be the reactive species. In this chapter, we shall consider reactions in … [Read more...] about Electrophilic Reactions

Nucleophilic Reactions Of Carbonyl Groups Nucleophilic Reactions Of Carbonyl Groups: Aldehydes And Ketones The carbon-oxygen double bond C=O is termed a carbonyl group and represents one of the most important reactive functional groups in chemistry and biochemistry. Since oxygen is more electronegative than carbon, the electrons in the double bond are not shared equally and … [Read more...] about Nucleophilic Reactions Of Carbonyl Groups

Radical Reactions Formation Of Radicals The ionization of HBr distributes the two electrons of the single H–Br bond so that the electronegative bromine accepts electrons while hydrogen loses electrons, and the resultant ions are thus H+ and Br−. This process is termed heterolytic cleavage, in that the two atoms of the bond suffer different fates and that the two electrons … [Read more...] about Radical Reactions