Heterocycles Heterocycles: Cyclic compounds in which one or more of the ring atoms are not carbon are termed heterocycles; the noncarbon atoms are referred to as heteroatoms. We shall limit our discussions to compounds in which the heteroatoms are nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. To study and understand their properties, heterocycles are conveniently grouped into two … [Read more...] about Heterocycles
Alteration In The Genetic Material Point Mutation
Alteration In The Genetic Material Point Mutation A gene mutation is an abrupt inheritable qualitative or quantitative change in the genetic material of an organism. Since in most organisms, genes are segments of DNA molecules, a mutation can be regarded as a change in the DNA sequence which is reflected in the change of sequence of corresponding RNA or protein … [Read more...] about Alteration In The Genetic Material Point Mutation
Nucleophilic Reactions Involving Enolate Anions
Nucleophilic Reactions Involving Enolate Anions Enols And Enolization "What are nucleophilic reactions involving enolate anions? A detailed notes and Q&A guide" Aldehydes and ketones, and other carbonyl compounds having hydrogen atoms on the α-carbon, exist in solution as equilibrium mixtures of two or more isomeric forms. These isomers are termed the keto form, … [Read more...] about Nucleophilic Reactions Involving Enolate Anions
Regulation Of Body Fluid Osmolality Regulation Of Water Balance
Regulation Of Body Fluid Osmolality Regulation Of Water Balance As described, water constitutes approximately 60% of the healthy adult human body. Body water is divided into two compartments (i.e., intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid [ECF]), which are in osmotic equilibrium. "What is the regulation of body fluid osmolality?" Water intake into the body generally … [Read more...] about Regulation Of Body Fluid Osmolality Regulation Of Water Balance
Regulation Of Extracellular Fluid Volume And Nacl Balance
Regulation Of Extracellular Fluid Volume And Nacl Balance "What is the regulation of extracellular fluid volume?" The major solutes of the extracellular fluid (ECF) are the salts of Na+. Of these, sodium chloride (NaCl) is the most abundant. Because NaCl is also the major determinant of ECF osmolality, alterations in Na+ balance commonly are assumed to disturb ECF … [Read more...] about Regulation Of Extracellular Fluid Volume And Nacl Balance