Anemia: Symptoms, Causes And Treatment

Anemia: Symptoms, Causes And Treatment

Question 1. Define and classify anemias.

Answer:

Anemia is defined as reduced hemoglobin concentration in blood below the lower limit of the normal range for the age and sex of the individual.

As per WHO, the lower extreme of normal hemoglobin is taken as 13 g/dl for adult males and 12 g/dl for adult females.

11 g/dl in pregnant females. At birth, the lower limit of normal hemoglobin level is 13 g/dl is taken as the lower limit at birth, whereas at 0 to 6 mon, the normal lower level is 10.5 g/dl.

Anemia

“Understanding the role of anemia in overall health”

Question 2. Write a short note on Hb estimation.
Or
Write a short note on the estimation of Hb%.
Answer:

Hb estimation means hemoglobin estimation.

This is done to check the levels of hemoglobin in the body.

Following are the meththathich undergo Hb estimation.

Treatment of anemia

“Importance of studying anemia for better healthcare outcomes”

• Visual methods:
  • Sahli’s method
  • Dare’s method
  • Haden’s method
  • Wint robe’s method
  • Halden’s method
  • Tallquist’s method.
• Gasometric method.
• Spectrophotometric method:
  • Oxyhemoglobin method
  • Cyanomethamoglobin method.
• Automated hemoglobinopathy.
• Non-automated hemoglobinopathy.

“Common challenges in diagnosing and treating anemia”

Other methods:

• Alkaline-hematin method
• Specific gravity method
• Comparator method.

What is anemia

Sahli’s (Acid Hematin) Method for Hb Estimation

Principle

When blood is added to 0.1 N HCl, hemoglobin is converted to brown color acid hematin. The resulting color after dilution is compared with standard brown glass reference blocks of Sahli’s hemoglobinometer.

Specimen

Capillary blood or thoroughly mixed anti-coagulated venous blood.

“Steps to identify common types of anemia”

Apparatus

• Sahli’s hemoglobinometer: This consists of:
  • A standard brown glass mounted on a comparator
  • A graduated tube
  • Hb-pipette (0.02 ml).
• 0.1 N HCl
• Distilled water
• Pasteur pipettes.

“Role of iron-deficiency anemia in global populations”

Procedure

• By using a Pasteur pipette, add 0.1 N HCl in the tube up to the lowest mark, i.e., 20% mark.
• Draw blood upto 20µl mark in Hb pipette. Adjust the blood column carefully without bubbles. Wipe excess blood on the sides of the pipette by using a dry piece of cotton.
• Transfer blood to the acid in the graduated tube, rinse the pipette well, mix the reaction mixture, and allow the tube to stand for 10 minutes.
• Dilute the solution with distilled water by adding a few drops at a time carefully and by mixing the reaction mixture until the color matches with the glass plate in the
  comparator.
• Matching should be done only against the natural light. The level of fluid is noted at its lower meniscus, and the reading corresponding to this level on the scale is recorded in gm/dl.