Aminoglycosides

Aminoglycosides

Write a Short Note On Aminoglycosides.
Answer:

Aminoglycosides consist of two or more amino sugars that are attached by a glycosidic linkage to the hexose ring.

Classification Of Aminoglycosides

Antibiotics

Systemic aminoglycosides: Streptomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, tobramycin, amikacin, sisomicin, netilmicin.

Topical aminoglycosides: Neomycin, framycetin.

Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Gentamicin, Streptomycin, and More

Aminoglycoside Mechanism Of Action

Aminoglycoside Pharmacokinetics

As aminoglycosides are polar compounds, they are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, so they are given by the parenteral route for systemic effect.

They are mainly distributed into the extracellular fluid and poorly penetrate the cerebrospinal fluid. Aminoglycosides are not metabolized in the body. These drugs are excreted unchanged in the urine.

Aminoglycoside Adverse Effects

• Ototoxicity: Aminoglycosides get concentrated inside the perilymph and endolymph of the inner ear, which causes damage to vestibular and cochlear hair cells. Streptomycin and gentamycin mainly affect vestibular function while
  amikacin, neomycin, and kanamycin, affect auditory function.
• Nephrotoxicity: Aminoglycosides become concentrated in the renal cortex and cause nephrotoxicity, reversible. Nephrotoxicity is highest with neomycin and least with streptomycin.
• Neuromuscular blocking effect: Aminoglycosides inhibit the release of acetylcholine from the motor nerve ending, and there is apnea and muscular paralysis.
• Hypersensitivity reactions: They are seen rarely in the form of skin rashes and drug fever.
• Aminoglycosides in pregnancy can lead to ototoxicity in the fetus.

Aminoglycosides: Uses, Mechanism of Action, and Side Effects

Aminoglycoside Uses

They are mainly used in the following conditions:

• Burn
• Urinary tract infections
• Pneumonia
• Lung abscess
• Osteomyelitis
• Septicemia
• Meningitis
• Subacute bacterial endocarditis
• Tuberculosis
• Plague.