Type A Adverse Reactions

Question 1. Write In Short About Type A Adverse Reactions.
Answer:

Type A Adverse Reactions

It is known as a predictable reaction or augmented reaction.

These are based on the pharmacological properties of the drug which means that they are augmented but qualitatively normal responses to the drug.

Include side effects, toxic effects, and consequences of drug withdrawal.

They are more commonly dose-related and mostly preventable and reversible. They include:

Side effects: These are unwanted but often unavoidable pharmacodynamic effects that occur at therapeutic doses:
- A side effect may be based on the same action of the drug, for example, dryness of the mouth with atropine.
- A side effect may be based on a different facet of action, for example, estrogen causes nausea.
- An effect may be therapeutic in one context but a side effect in another context, for example, codeine used for cough, produces constipation as
  a side effect.

Type A Adverse Reactions: Definition, Causes, and Examples

Secondary effect: These are indirect consequences of a primary action of a drug, for Example. suppressing bacterial flora by tetracyclines can result in superinfection.
Toxic effects: These effects result due to overdosage or prolonged use of drugs, for example, coma by barbiturates, and complete AV block by digoxin.
Drug habituation and dependence: Drugs capable of altering moods and feelings are liable to repetitive use to derive a feeling of euphoria to escape from reality, social adjustment, etc.
Drug withdrawal reaction: Sudden withdrawal or stoppage of certain drugs can result in a type of adverse reaction.
For example, withdrawal of beta blockers can precipitate an effect of myocardial infarction. Withdrawal of phenytoin can precipitate status epilepticus.
Teratogenic effect: This refers to the ability of the drug to cause congenital abnormality in the fetus when given during pregnancy, for Example. cleft palate following the use of corticosteroids.
Drug-induced disease or iatrogenic diseases: When certain drugs are used chronologically, they can produce disease, for Example. chronic use of aspirin can lead to the production of peptic ulcers.

Type A Adverse Drug Reactions: Predictable and Dose-dependent

Question 2. Write Short Note On Psychological Dependence.
Answer:

Psychological Dependence

Psychological drug dependence is one of the types of drug dependence.

Psychological dependence is an intense desire to continue taking the drug as a patient feels that his/her well-being depends on the drug.
Psychological dependence may start as a liking for the drug effects and this can progress to compulsive drug use in some individuals.
The intensity of psychological dependence may vary from desire to craving.
Certain degrees of psychological dependence consist of all patterns of self-medication.

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