Hematuria in Children: Causes, Evaluation, and Underlying Conditions

Hematuria in Children: Causes, Evaluation, and Underlying Conditions

Question. Enumerate the causes of hematuria.

Answer. Hematuria is defined as the presence of blood in urine.

Hematuria Causes

1. Glomerulonephritis

1. Primary
   • Mesangial proliferative
   • Mesangiocapillary
   • Berger’s disease
2. Secondary
   • Systemic lupus erythematosus
   • Polyarthritis nodosa
   • Infective endocarditis
3. Others
   • Alport’s syndrome
   • Fabry’s disease
   • Benign familial hematuria
4. Interstitial disease
   • Acute pyelonephritis
   • Papillary necrosis
   • Neoplasms
5. Cystic disease
   • Adult polycystic disease
   • Medullary cystic disease
6. Renal stones
7. Trauma to kidneys

Hematuria in Children: Causes, Evaluation, and Underlying Conditions

2. Ureter

• Stone
• Neoplasm

3. Urinary bladder

• Neoplasm
• Cystitis
• Stone
• Trauma or catheter-induced
• Schistosomiasis

4. Prostate

• Prostatitis
• Benign enlargement of the prostate
• Neoplasm

5. Urethra

• Injury
• Urethritis

6. Disorders of hemostasis

• Bleeding or coagulation disorders
• Anticoagulants

Causes of Hematuria in Children

7. Systemic diseases

• Diabetes
• Amyloidosis
• Collagen disease
• Disseminated intravascular coagulation