Chemical Regulation Of Respiration

Chemical Regulation Of Respiration

Question 1. Chemical Regulation of Respiration.
Answer:

The chemical regulation of respiration is brought about by respiratory chemoreceptors.

Chemical Regulation of Respiration Types:

• Respiratory chemoreceptors are of two types.

1. Peripheral chemoreceptors.

Chemical Regulation of Respiration Situation:

1. Carotid body near the common carotid artery bifurcation.
2. Aortic bodies – near the arch of aorta.

Chemical Regulation of Respiration Mechanism of action:

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2. Central chemoreceptors:

Central chemoreceptors Situation:

• In the deeper part of medulla.

Central chemoreceptors Mechanism:

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Question 2. Factors Affecting Respiratory Centers.
Answer:

1. Impulses from higher centres:

1. Ventral surface of frontal cortex inhibits respiration while motor cortex stimulates it.
2. Pain and emotional disturbances through hypothalamus stimulates respiration.
3. Fever through anterior hypothalamus produces rapid and shallow respiration.

2. Impulses from stretch receptors of lungs called hering – breuer reflex:

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3. Afferents from proprioceptors:

• Active or passive movement of joint, stimulates proprioceptors.
• These sends afferent impulses to inspiration center.
• Stimulation of inspiratory center occurs.
• This, in turn, increases rate and depth of inspiration.

4. Impulses from J receptors of lungs:

• J receptors are present in alveoli.
• Its stimulation produces a reflex response characterized by apnea.

5. Impulses from baroreceptors:

• Baroreceptors are stimulated by high BP.
• On stimulation, they send impulses which causes inhibition of respiration.

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6. Impulses from chemoreceptors:

• Stimulated by presence of lack of O₂ excess of Co₂.
• Causes increase in rate and depth of respiration.

7. Cough reflex:

• Caused by irritation of respiratory tract beyond nose.
• Result in stimulation of vagus nerve.
• It begins with deep inspiration followed by forced expiration against a closed glottis.

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8. Sneezing reflex:

• It is similar to cough reflex but acts against open glottis.
• It causes stimulation of trigeminal nerve.