Understanding The Stages And Physiological Changes Of Pregnancy
Question 1. List two factors essential for spermatogenesis.
Answer:
Question 2. List two endometrial changes occurring during proliferative phase of menstrual cycle.
Answer:
Endometrial changes during proliferative phase of menstrual cycle:
- Proliferation of endometrial cells occurs rapidly
- Reappearance of epithelium on the endometrial surface
- Development of glands and blood vessels in stroma
- Proliferation of endometrial cells results in thickening of endometrium upto 3-4 mm
Question 3. Physiological changes in pregnancy.
Answer:
1. Hormonal changes
- Rise in progesterone and estrogen levels
- Increased human chorionic gonadotropin hormone to maintain progesterone production by corpus luteum
- Prolactin levels increases due to maternal pituitary gland enlargement
- Parathyroid hormone is increased which leads to increased calcium uptake in the gut and reabsorption by the kidneys
- Decrease tissue sensitivity to insulin
2. Increase in body weight
3. Cardiovascular
- Blood volume slowly increases
- Increase in heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output
- Cardiac output is increased during first trimester
- Vascular resistance is decreased due to smooth muscle relaxation
- Vasodilation
- Decrease in diastolic blood pressure
4. Blood changes
- Increase in plasma volume
- WBC count increases
- Decrease in platelet count
5. Metabolic changes
- Both protein and carbohydrate metabolism are affected
- There is increased requirement for nutrients
6. Renal and lower reproductive tract
- Increase in kidney and ureter size
- Increase glomerular filtration rate
- Glucosuria may be seen
- Decreased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine
7. Gastrointestinal changes
- Nausea and vomiting may occur
- Prolonged gastric emptying and decreased gastroesophageal sphincter tone leads to acid reflux
- Increased water absorption and constipation may occur
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