Lymphatic System

Lymphatic System

Question 1. Functions of lymph
Answer:

• Lymph helps in transport of fluid from tissue spaces to blood
• It helps in removal of bacteria, toxins and other substances from various organs
• It helps in maintenance of structural and functional integrity of tissues
• It helps in defence due to formation of lymphocytes
• Transports absorbed long chain fatty acids and cholesterol from the intestine via lymphatics into blood Transports antibiotics
• Helps in the formation of maximally concentrated urine
• Supplies nutrition and oxygen to those parts where blood cannot reach

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Question 2. State the various stages in the development of red blood corpuscles.
Answer:

Stages in the development of red blood corpuscles:

• Pro erythroblast
• Early normoblast
• Intermediate normoblast
• Late normoblast
• Reticulocyte
• Matured erythrocyte

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Question 3. What is the normal value of PCV, MCH.
Answer:

Normal values:

• Packed Cell Volume, PCV
  • In males-40-45%
  • In females-38-42%
• Mean corpuscles haemoglobin (MCH) – 30 pg

Question 4. What is cross matching? What are the types?
Answer:

Cross-matching refers to the test that is performed prior to a blood transfusion in order to determine if the donor’s blood is compatible with the blood of an intended recipient.

Cross-matching is also used to determine compatibility between a donor and recipient in organ transplantation.

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Cross-matching  Types:

1. Immediate-spin cross-matching (ISCM):
   • Immediate-spin cross-matching is an abbreviated form of cross-matching that is faster, less expensive but also less sensitive.
   • It is an immediate test that combines the patient’s serum and donor’s red blood cells at room temperature.
   • No agglutination indicates a negative test reaction, or compatible match.
2. Electronic cross-matching:
   • Electronic cross-matching is a computer-assisted analysis using data, from the donor unit and testing done on blood samples from the intended recipient.
   • This includes ABO/Rh typing of the unit and of the recipient, and an antibody screen of the recipient.

1. Major cross-match:
   • Recipient serum is tested against donor packed cells to determine if the recipient has preformed antibodies against any antigens on the donor’s cells
2. Minor cross-match:
   • Recipient red cells are tested against donor serum to detect donor antibodies directed against a patient’s antigens.