Blood Transfusions And The Immune System

Blood Transfusions And The Immune System

Name different blood group systems. What is the importance of determination of blood groups? What are effects of mismatched blood transfusion. (or) Blood groups. (or) Mismatched blood transfusion reaction. (or) Blood groups.
Answer:

Blood groups systems:

1. ABO system.

• It is based on the presence or absence of antigen A and antigen B.

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2. Rh system.

• Rh factor is an antigen present in RBC, also called D antigen.
• The persons having D antigen are called Rh positive and those without it are called Rh negative.

3. Lewis blood group.

• Found by Mrs. Lewis.
• The antibodies found in her reacted with the antigens found in RBCs and in body fluids.

4. MNS blood groups.

• These are determined by their reactions with anti-M, anti-N and anti-S.

5. Other blood groups.

• Auberger groups, diego group, Bombay group, I group, Kell group, kidd group, etc..

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Importance of blood groups:

• Blood groups are important for its various uses.

Effects of mismatched blood transfusion:

• If the donor’s plasma contains antibodies against recipient’s RBC, they get diluted in recipient’s blood and thus agglutination does not occur.
• But if the receipient’s plasma contains antibodies against donor’s RBC, the donor’s RBCs are agglutinated and destroyed.
• This leads to release of large amount of free haemoglobin which further results into.
  1. Jaundice.
     • The released free haemoglobin gets degraded and forms bilirubin.
     • When the serum bilirubin level is increased above 2 mg% jaundice occurs.
  2. Cardiac shock.
     1. Released haemoglobin.
        • This free haemoglobin is released into plasma and increases its viscocity.
        • This increases the cardiac work load leading to cardiac failure.
     2. Hemolyzed cells.
        • The toxic substances released from hemolysed and develop circulatory shock.
     3. Renal sutdown.
        • The toxic substances from hemolysed cells cause.
        • Constriction of renal blood vessel.
        • They enter renal tubules, gets precipitated and obstruct these tubules.
        • This suddenly stops urine formation.
        • This is called renal shutdown.

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